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  3. The general use of speech is to transfer our mental discourse into verbal, or the train of our thoughts into a train of words, a

The general use of speech is to transfer our mental discourse into verbal, or the train of our thoughts into a train of words, a

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问题 The general use of speech is to transfer our mental discourse into verbal, or the train of our thoughts into a train of words, and that for two commodities; whereof one is the registering of the consequences of our thoughts, which being apt to slip out of our memory and put us to a new labor, may again be recalled by such words as they were marked by. So that the first use of names is to serve for marks or notes of remembrance. Another is, when many use the same words to signify, by their connexion and order one to another, what they conceive or think of each matter; and also what they desire, fear, or have any other passion for. And for this use they are called signs. Special uses of speech are these: first, to register what by cogitation we find to be the cause of anything, present or past; and what we find things present or past may produce, or effect; which, in sum, is acquiring of arts. Secondly, to show to others that knowledge which we have attained; which is to counsel and teach one another. Thirdly, to make known to others our wills and purposes, that we may have the mutual help of one another. Fourthly, to please and delight ourselves, and others, by playing with our words, for pleasure or ornament, innocently.
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答案 语言的一般用处是将心中所想转化为口头所述，或把思维序列转化为语言序列。这样做有两种用处：一是记录我们的思维序列。这种序列容易被遗忘，一旦忘记我们就必须从头进行构思，但通过作为标记的语词我们则可以重新回忆起来。所以名词的第一个用处就是做记忆的标记。另一个用处是：当许多人使用同一些语词时，他们可以通过这些语词之间的联系与顺序互相表达自己对每一件事物的所思所想，同时也可以表示他们的渴望、恐惧或其他所有的感情。这时，语言被称为符号。语言的特殊作用是：第一，表示我们通过思考所发现的任何现存或过去事物的原因以及我们所发现的现存或过去事物可能产生的结果或影响。总的来说，这就是获得学术知识。第二，向他人说明我们所获得的知识，也就是商讨和互教。第三，让他人知道我们的意愿和目的，以便互助。第四，天真地为了娱乐和炫耀而玩弄语词自娱并娱悦他人。
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