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  3. The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessi

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessi

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问题     The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise and to integrate action into the process of thinking.
    Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
    Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an "Aha" experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
    One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it. they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
    Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?
选项 A、Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.
B、Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not.
C、Manager X takes action first and then explains later in solving a problem; Manager Y does not.
D、Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not.
答案C
解析 推理判断题。由第四段前两句可知，直觉型管理者的特点是思考分析与行动密不可分，他们通常先行动再解释。第一段第一句指出，使用经典理性模型的管理者通常是先分析，再做决定，最后采取行动。由此推断，X类管理者在解决问题时，先行动后解释；而Y类管理者则相反，故C项为答案。A项表达的意思是X类先分析后行动，与原文相反，故排除。B项讲X类管理者通过系统分析来检验可能的问题解决方案，而原文第三段第七句讲此类管理者通过直觉来检验理性分析的结果，B项与原文信息不符，故排除。第三段第四句和第五句提到管理者使用直觉的第二个方面，并指出这种直觉是基于多年艰苦实践和实际经验习得的。由此可知，在创建问题解决方案方面积累了多年实际经验的是X类管理者，D项与原文表述相反，故排除。
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