首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
admin
2017-03-07
39
问题
Different Types of Learning
I. The definition of learning
A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events
B.【T1】______ of subject’s changing behavior【T1】______
C. A process of recognizing how【T2】______【T2】______
II. Two basic stages of learning
A【T3】______: gradual process with trial and error【T3】______
B. Maintenance: acting on the new information【T4】______【T4】______
III. Four types of learning
A Instrumental or【T5】______【T5】______
— The common one in dog training
— Behavior produces event
which can be a(n)【T6】______ or negative experience【T6】______
— Dogs【T7】______ when rewarded by the experience【T7】______
— Humans get burned when touching a hot stove
— Events/consequences change the behavior
B. Classical/respondent【T8】______【T8】______
— Learning that things go together
— Dogs begin【T9】______ when hearing the bell rings【T9】______
— The first form of learning is【T10】______【T10】______
— For humans, it’s likely to rain when it’s cloudy
C.【T11】______ learning【T11】______
— Also called single event learning
— Events are【T12】______【T12】______
— Dogs won’t perk up ears when hearing an irrelevant noise
— People get【T13】______ to noises【T13】______
D. Social learning
— As a result of being in social groups
— Chimpanzees learning how to【T14】______ by watching【T14】______
— People learn from others
— Frequently occurs in a situation of【T15】______ or being dynamic【T15】______
【T5】
Different Types of Learning
Good morning, everybody. Today, I’m going to talk about learning.
Let’s start with the definition of learning. Then what is learning? We define learning as a process where a living being experiences certain relationships between events and is able to recognize an association between events, and as a consequence the subject’s behavior changes because of that experience. Or, more simply, 1earning is the process of recognizing how a living being’s actions change its environment, other beings’ actions, etc. All living things can learn, even goldfish!
There are two basic stages of learning: acquisition and maintenance. When an individual is first learning something, this is called the acquisition stage. This stage of learning is not all or none: rather, it is usually gradual. You may have heard someone use the phrase "trial and error." Once armed with new information, an individual will act on the new information when it is appropriate. This is known as the maintenance stage. Learning begins to plateau during the maintenance stage.
Learning is done in four types: Instrumental learning, which is more commonly known as operant conditioning, classical conditioning, non-associative learning, and social learning.
Operant conditioning is a form that may be very familiar to you if you have ever trained a dog. The majority of learning is some form of operant conditioning. The simplest way to explain this type of learning is that behavior produces events. An event can be a rewarding experience or a negative experience. As a result of such events the behavior changes. A dog learns that his behavior has consequences and that he can control what happens to him by behaving in certain ways, or refraining from behaving in those ways. If your dog raids the garbage, he is rewarded by this experience by getting tidbits of food, and is more likely to repeat the behavior. Human beings are also products of this learning. We learn from a young age that if we touch a hot stove, we’ll get burned. If we put on a raincoat, we’ll stay dry. This form of learning is characterized by Thorndike’s Law of Effect The law states that if the consequence is pleasant the preceding behavior becomes more frequent, whereas if the consequence is unpleasant, the behavior will diminish and in some cases become extinct.
Classical conditioning is another form of learning that is increasing in popularity. This type of learning results from learning that certain things go together. This learning was demonstrated by the Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. In an investigative experiment, Pavlov was able to demonstrate in dogs that salivation could be started by non-food stimuli such as bells, buzzers, and tones. In his experiments, he was able to show that dogs will salivate when they anticipate food. Thus he created an unrelated stimulus, such as a bell, moments before giving the dog food. Soon the dogs learned that when the bell rings, food is on its way, and thus they began salivating. Humans also learn through classical conditioning. For example, we know that if it is cloudy, that rain is a possibility. Or when something is burning on the stove, the fire alarm may go off. This type of learning is called classical conditioning because it was the first form of learning demonstrated experimentally. It is also sometimes called respondent conditioning, because the first step in changing a behavior due to this type of learning, require involuntary or reflexive behaviors.
Non-associative learning is one of the most basic forms of learning. It is also called single event learning. This type of learning involves learning that some events are unrelated and irrelevant. For example, if a dog hears a noise, he may respond by perking up his ears. This response is called an orienting response. If the noise is something which has no relevance to the dog, the dog will not respond when it hears this noise: however, the dog must first learn which noises are or are not relevant. This is known as habituation. One example of this might happen when you move to a house that is on a busy street. The first night you may have trouble sleeping due to your increased awareness of the sounds. Over the next few days you will become habituated to these noises, and soon you won’t even notice they are there. Non-associative learning is learning that there are not always significant associations between events.
Social learning is a form of learning that occurs as a result of being in social groups. In most animals, this type of learning is only responsible for a small amount of behavior change. This type of learning is most prevalent in animal forms similar to humans. Chimpanzees do a great deal of social learning amongst their social group. Chimps will learn how to use tools by watching older members of the group manipulating those same tools. Humans are also extremely adept at social learning. We learn from others how things are done. Social learning occurs most frequently in a situation where there is some sort of social hierarchy or dynamic.
To sum up briefly, today we’ve discussed the definition of learning, the two stages involved in the process of learning and the four types of learning. So now you must have a clear idea of what learning is. I hope you’ve enjoyed this lecture.
选项
答案
operant learning
解析
讲到四种学习类型时,第一种为instrumental learning,后面用了一个非限制性定语从句来解释它,说更众所周知的就是operant conditioning(操控反射),后面一个句子也提到如果你训练过狗的话,操控反射可能是你很熟悉的一种形式,所以答案为operant learning。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/MszK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Thereareseveralpossiblerelationshipsbetweenlanguageandsociety.Oneiswhatsocialstructuremayeitherinfluenceordete
Itcouldbearguedthathumanbeingsareaspeciesofanimal.However,theuniquecharacteristics,whichmakesmankinddifferent
Educationistheprocessoflearningandknowing,whichisnotrestrictedtoourschooltext-books.Itisaholisticprocessan
AccordingtoAlan’scoverstory,whatisthedifferenttraitbetweenabossandmostpeople?
"CanIborrowyourpen?"______"Youhaveapen."
DumbandDumber,oneofthemodernclassicsofAmericancomedy,tellsthestoryofanaffableidiot,LloydChristmas,whofalls
Hewasanundersizedlittleman,withaheadtoobigforhisbody—asicklylittleman.Hisnerveswerebad.Hehadskintroubl
Thereisonepartofwomen’smagazinesthateverymanreads.Itisthesectionpopularlyknownasthe"agonycolumns",wherewo
Thereisonepartofwomen’smagazinesthateverymanreads.Itisthesectionpopularlyknownasthe"agonycolumns",wherewo
Therearearound6,000languagesintheworldtoday.AtleasttherewereuntilJanuaryof2001.ThenCarlosWestezdied.Westez
随机试题
在下列的极限求解中,正确的是()。
某宗土地预计未来每年净收益为16万元,该类房地产的报酬率为9%,假设该宗土地的年限为无限年,则该宗土地的价值为()万元。
下列属于硬件的脆弱性可能给数据安全带来风险的因素是()。
直属海关是负责办理具体海关业务的海关,是海关进出境监督管理职能的基本执行单位。
“宝路”牌狗粮罐头(250克零售包装、罐装)
根据对外贸易法律制度的规定,下列表述中,正确的有()。
认知内驱力、自我提高内驱力和附属内驱力在动机结构中所占的比重并非一成不变。在()附属内驱力更为突出。
A、 B、 C、 D、 D前两组图形中,分割大正方形的轴为上下、左上右下和右上左下交替且不重复,按照这一规律,空缺图形的分割轴应当为左上右下,排除C;前陶组图形中,实心球都是只出现在两个图形中,按照这一规律,
Questions14-21ReadingPassage2hassevenparagraphsA-G.Whichparagraphmentionsthefollowing(Questions14-21)?Writethe
Whatisthenumberthatisonehalfofonequarterofonetenthof400?
最新回复
(
0
)