首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
To see how big carriers could control the online world, you must understand its structures. Earthlink gives Jennifer access t
To see how big carriers could control the online world, you must understand its structures. Earthlink gives Jennifer access t
admin
2010-02-20
68
问题
To see how big carriers could control the online world, you must understand
its structures.
Earthlink gives Jennifer access to the Internet, much in the way than an on-
ramp puts a driver on the national highway system. Earthlink is a local internet
service provider, and it willsend the 【1】____ to an Internet “【2】_______ 【1】________.
provider", to route it along its way. 【2】________.
These Internet players typically own and lease long-haul fiber-optic cables
spanning a large region. They also own the communications gear that directs 【3】_____ over the Internet. They connect to each other to exchange data between 【3】________.
their customers, like the highway system over which most of the freight of the
Internet travels to reach its 【4】______. 【4】________.
Now, instead of the National Science Foundation, there are many of them
that-link together to provide the global 【5】, that is the Internet. 【5】________.
The problem was, as the Internet grew, the public points became overbur-
dened and traffic showed at these bottlenecks. So they started making arrange-
ments with each other. And they aren’t changing peers now, but there is a lot of
discussion about whether they should. And the industry has not figured out how
to 【6】______ who owes what to whom if fees should be changed. 【6】________.
Since the Internet was 【7】______, it has grown by leaps and bounds into a【7】________.
remarkably successful commmunications medium without government 【8】______ --and most want to stay that way. But the Internent has matured to a 【8】________.
point that more uniform rules are needed to 【9】competition. 【9】______.
Those who can afford to pay the price can become peers. Peering would be
determined by the 【10】______ rather than by a private company with its own 【10】________.
competitive interests.
【7】
How The Internet Works
To see how big carriers could control the online world, you must understand its structure.
When Jennifer, who lives in Pasadena, Calif, wants to send an Email message from her home computer to her mother in Washington, D. C. , she uses a local Internet service provider (ISP) such as Earthlink Network Inc. (EINK) Earthlink gives Jennifer access to the Internet, much in tile way that an onramp puts a driver on the national highway system.
After Jennifer’s computer makes a local telephone call to Earthlink local bank of modems, Jennifer types in her Email message and hits" send". Based on Mom’s Email address, Earthlink will recognize that Mom is a custmer of an ISP in Washington called Erols Internet Inc. (RCNC). Earthlink will then send the Email to an Internet "back- bone provider", such as GTE Corp. (GTE), to route it along it way.
Backbone providers are the Internet players that typically own and lease long-haul fiber- optic cables spanning a large region. They also own the communications gear that directs traffic over the Internet. There are only a handful of major backbone providers, including MCI, Worldlom, Sprint Cop. (FON), GTE, and PSINet Inc. (PSIX)
Backbone providers connect to each other to exchange data between their customers. They also pick up and deliver traffic for a fee from the 7000 or so smaller ISPs, who give residential and small-business users access to the Internet. Backbone carriers are like the highway system over which most of the freight of the Internet travels to reach its destination.
When the Internet was still a government -run system, there was only a single Internet backbone: the NSFNET, operated by the National Science Foundation, which connected the regional government -funded Internet networks that were run by various research universities. When the government privatized the NSFNET in 1995, companies such as MCI, UNNET Technologies (now owned by worldcom), BBN (Now owned by GTE), and PSINet stepped into the breach by setting up commercial Internet backbone services. New, instead of one NSFNET backbone, there are many of them that link together to provide the global connectivity, that is the Internet.
When the NSFNET was privatized, the government set up three locations in the U.S. where various Internet backbone companies could place their communications gear side by side and connect to each other. These so called "public peering points" are in Chicago, Palo Alto, Calif. , and Pennsauken, N.J. Later, the government sanctioned two industry- run public peering points called Metropolitan Access Ex- change East and West – MAE East, in Vienna, Va. , and MAE-West in San Jose, calif.
The problem was, as the Internet grew, the public points became overburdened and traffic’slowed at these bottle- necks. So backbone providers started making arrangements with each other, called “private peening” There are direct, bilateral connections between two carriers in which no fees are charged.
Backbone providers aren’t charging peers now, but there is a lot of discussion about whether they should. Most industry experts say the Internet needs to develop some payment scheme. After all, it is now a commercial, profit-making business, not a government free bie.
But the industry has not figured out how to calculate who owes what to whom. Without an industry standard or government regulation, smaller companies fear that larger ones will set these charges in an arbitrary and discriminatory fashion. There could be a lot of "cockamamie measure- ments," says Leonard kleinrock, an Internet founder and computer science professor at the University of California at Los Angeles.
Since the Internet was privatized, it has grown by leaps and bounds into a remarkably successful communications medium without government regulation--and most want it to stay that way.
But the Internet has matured to a point that more uniform rules are needed to safeguard competition. As a first step, experts argue that backbone providers should have to disclose the criteria for becoming a peer. This would allow companies to see whether they are being discriminated against.
An industry group called the Global Internet Project- whose members include such major backbone providers as MCI, GTE, and AT&T--is developing a longer term solution. The group advocates a fair and public system under which all backbone providers would pay each other for carrying Net traffic.
"We need a market mechanism to ensure peering for all," says Daniel Schulman, president of AT&T WorldNet Service, a project member. Many issues need to be worked out, including who would do the policing. Still, with a clear payment system, those who can afford to pay the price can become peers. Peering would be determined by the market rather than by a private company with its own competitive interests.
选项
答案
privatized
解析
“privatize”为“to change(e.g.an industry) from governmental or public ownership or control to the individual enterprise.”私有化
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/MvvO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Doctorsalonemustmakethefinaldecisionwhethertowithdrawtreatment,includingartificialfeeding,andallowaterminallyi
Doctorsalonemustmakethefinaldecisionwhethertowithdrawtreatment,includingartificialfeeding,andallowaterminallyi
Humanshavealwaysbeenfascinatedbydreams.ThevividdreamspeoplerememberandtalkaboutareREMdream—thetypethatoccur
Whydoyoulistentomusic?Ifyoushouldputthisquestiontoanumberofpeople,youmightreceiveanswerslikethese:"Ilik
Whatdoesitmeantorelax?Despite【C1】______thousandsoftimesduringthecourseofourlives,【C2】______havedeeplyconsidered
Americansdonotgoinforenvy.Thegapbetweenrichandpoorisbiggerthaninanyotheradvancedcountry,butmostpeopleare
Initseverydaylife,Italyisverymuchtheman’sworld.However,becauseoftheItalian’sunderstandingofforeigners,thewom
Theenergycrunch,whichisbeingfeltaroundtheworld,hasdramatizedhowtherecklessdespoilingoftheearthsresourceshas
A、Toteachtheirchildrentodrinkmoderately.B、Toholdsternattitudesanduseseveremethods.C、Tostrivetohavesomestrict
A、Shehadtoflyonthefollowingday.B、Shewasluckyenoughtohaveanunoccupiedseat.C、Shepaidextramoneyforherflight.
随机试题
本国化
甲为出卖人在A地,乙为买受人在B地,双方签订了一份买卖合同,但履行地点约定不明,事后也未达成补充协议,且不能通过交易习惯等方式确定。则该合同的()
生物体内氨基酸脱氨的主要方式
对金属基底冠的要求不恰当的是A.有足够的固位力B.非贵金属冠厚度不低于0.3mmC.厚薄一定要均匀一致D.各轴面呈流线型,表面无锐边、锐角E.颈缘处连续光滑
葡萄胎清宫术前备用物品中哪项不需要
投资执行期主要包括以下()几个阶段。
下列各项中。属于不燃性建筑材料是()。
底线伦理是指维系人之所以为人的起码的伦理道德,是一种与人的本性和本质同一的基本伦理,是任何有人性的人都认可并遵循的普遍伦理。“底线伦理”主要有两方面的含义:一个是它的普遍性,或者说平等性,也就是说底线伦理的规范是要求所有人的,是同等的,是没有例外地约束所有
《中华人民共和国宪法》规定,公民对国家工作人员的违法失职行为有权向国家机关提出申诉、控诉或者检举。这属于公民政治权利中的()
若计算机系统中的进程在“就绪”、“运行”和“等待”三种状态之间转换,进程不可能出现______的状态转换。
最新回复
(
0
)