A、The challenges of health and education in the growing cities. B、The conflict between cars and walkers in developing countries.

Mobility in developing world cities is a very peculiar challenge, because different from health or education or housing, it tends to get worse as societies become richer. Clearly, an unsustainable model. Mobility, as most other developing country problems, more than a matter of money or technology, is a matter of equality. The great inequality in developing countries makes it difficult to see, for example, that in terms of transport, an advanced city is not one where even the poor use cars, but rather one where even the rich use public transport. There is a conflict for space between those with cars and those without them.
    We fought not just for space for buses, but we fought for space for people, and that was even more difficult. Cities are human habitats, and we humans are pedestrians. Just as fish need to swim or birds need to fly or deer need to run, we need to walk. I would like to focus on the really enormous conflict between pedestrians and cars in developing country cities. In terms of transport infrastructure, what really makes a difference between advanced and backward cities is not highways or subways but quality sidewalks.
    I will propose to you a couple of ingredients which I think would make cities much better, and it would be very simple to implement them in the new cities which are only being created. Hundreds of kilometers of greenways criss-crossing cities in all directions. People will walk out of homes into safe spaces. They could go for dozens of kilometers safely in wonderful greenways, sort of bicycle highways.
    And the second ingredient, which would solve mobility, that very difficult challenge in developing countries, in a very low-cost and simple way, would be to have hundreds of kilometers of streets only for buses, bicycles and pedestrians. This would be, again, a very low-cost solution if implemented from the start, low cost, pleasant transit with natural sunlight.
    But unfortunately, reality is not as good as my dreams. All developing country cities have a large problem of slums, which means illegal housing. And of course it’s very difficult to have mass transit or to use bicycles in such environments. But even legal housing developments have also been located in the wrong places, very far from the city centers where it’s impossible to provide low-cost, high-frequency public transport. As a Latin American, I would recommend, respectfully, passionately, to Asian and African countries which are yet to urbanize, that governments should acquire all land around cities. In this way, their cities could grow in the right places with the right spaces, with the parks, with the greenways, with the busways.
16. What do we learn about the problem of mobility in developing countries?
17. What is the focus of this speech?
18. What is the low-cost solution for mobility challenge in developing countries?
19. What is the speaker’s suggestion to Asian and African countries yet to urbanize?