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  3. For many years, colleges and universities across the United States have sought to increase the numbers of African American, Hisp

For many years, colleges and universities across the United States have sought to increase the numbers of African American, Hisp

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问题     For many years, colleges and universities across the United States have sought to increase the numbers of African American, Hispanic and Native American students who pursue scientific careers. Yet the College Board reported in 1999 that underrepresentation of minority students had become even "more intractable".
    African Americans now constitute 12 percent of the U.S. population yet earned only one percent of the doctorates in 1997. Hispanics make up 11 percent of the population but earned 0.9 percent of the 1997 doctorates. Although the numbers of African American and Hispanic students earning bachelor’s degrees in 1996—1997 hit an all-time high, there was a decline in those entering graduate school, according to the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Native Americans also remain underrepresented in the sciences.
    Despite the best of intentions, many programs designed to prepare minority undergraduates for advanced scientific training have had uneven results. Some have been unclear about whether their goal is to produce scientists or just to help minority students graduate. Others have been inadequately funded or lacked institutional commitment; many have never been evaluated rigorously.
    Some programs do succeed in helping minority students graduate and pursue scientific careers. Examples include programs at Xavier University of Louisiana, the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Maryland, Baltimore County(UMBC). Although different in important respects, these programs share key features, such as clearly articulated objectives, strong institutional commitment, effective mentors and an emphasis on building community among participants.
    All are being carried out in a legal environment that has become increasingly complex. The University of California, for example, now operates under a state law that forbids using state funds for special programs for minority students. In other states, court cases have led colleges and universities to redesign or even drop such programs. HHMI has assisted thousands of minority students through its undergraduate biological sciences education program by awarding more than $476 million to 232 colleges and universities. In 1998, it began requiring its grantees to certify that they are complying with all relevant laws in the conduct of these programs.
    Eugene Cota-Robles, cochair of the task force that commissioned the College Board report, says colleges and universities must do more to help minority students become scientific leaders. "Up to now, everyone working on the pipeline approach has been thinking that bringing more students into college would solve the problem," he says. Cota-Robles, a professor emeritus of biology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, calls for more effort to help minority students move beyond the bachelor’s degree.
We can infer from the fifth paragraph that______.
选项 A、the University of California program is run in violation of federal law
B、in 1998, the HHMI awarded significantly fewer grants than it had in the past
C、legal battles have forced the closure of some programs designed to help minority students
D、the HHMI has supported thousands of students through individual scholarships
答案C
解析 属信息推断题。相关信息在第五段第二、三句：……加利福尼亚大学现在按照一项禁止将本州的资金用于少数民族学生设立的项目的本州立法开展工作。在其他州，法庭判例使学院和大学重新设计甚至放弃这样的项目。由此可知，选项C符合此意。选项A与本段中第一句不符；选项B的相关内容在本段最后一句提到，但没有具体数字或明确的数量比较，故可判定选项B错误。选项D与第四句不符：HHMI通过本科生物科学教育项目(而非D，个人奖学金)……帮助了上千名少数民族的学生。
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