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  3. I have a plan that will raise wages, lower prices, increase the nation’s stock of scientists and engineers, and maybe even creat

I have a plan that will raise wages, lower prices, increase the nation’s stock of scientists and engineers, and maybe even creat

admin2011-04-11  60
问题     I have a plan that will raise wages, lower prices, increase the nation’s stock of scientists and engineers, and maybe even create the next Google. Better yet, this plan won’t cost the government a dime. In fact, it will save a lot of money. But few politicians are going to want to touch it. Here’s the plan: More immigration. A pathway to legal status for undocumented immigrants. And a recognition that immigration policy is economic policy, and needs to be thought of as such.
    See what I meant about politicians not liking it?
    Economists will tell you that immigrants raise wages for the average native-born worker. They’ll tell you that they make things cheaper for us to buy here, and that if we didn’t have immigrants for some of these jobs, the jobs would move to other countries. They’ll tell you that we should allow for much more highly skilled immigration, because that’s about as close to a free lunch as you’re likely to find. They’ll tell you that the people who should most want a path to legal status for undocumented immigrants are the low-income workers who are most opposed to such plans. And about all this, the economists are right.
    There are also noneconomic considerations, of course. Integrating cultures and nationalities is difficult. Undocumented immigrants raise issues of law and fairness. Border security is important. Those questions are important. They’re just not the subject of this column.
    The mistake we make when thinking about the effect immigrants have on our wages, says Giovanni Peri, an economist at the University of California at Davis who has studied the issue extensively, is we imagine an economy where the number of jobs is fixed. Then, if one immigrant comes in, he takes one of those jobs or forces a worker to accept a lower wage. But that’s not how our economy works. With more labor—particularly more labor of different kinds—the economy grows larger. It produces more stuff. There are more workers buying things and that increases the total number of jobs. We understand perfectly well that Europe is in trouble because its low birth rates mean fewer workers, and that means less economic growth. We ourselves worry that we’re not graduating enough scientists and engineers. But the economy doesn’t care if it gets workers through birth rates or green cards.
    In fact, there’s a sense in which green cards are superior. Economists separate new workers into two categories: Those who "substitute" for existing labor—we’re both construction workers, and the boss can easily swap you out for me; and those who "complement" existing labor—you’re a construction engineer and I’m a construction worker. Immigrants, more so than U. S. -born workers, tend to be in the second category, as the jobs you want to give to someone who doesn’t speak English very well and doesn’t have many skills are different from the jobs you give to people who are fluent and have more skills.
    But that’s only half of their benefit. "Living standards are a function of two things," says Michael Greenstone, director of the Hamilton Project, which is hosting a Washington conference on the economics of immigration next week. "They’re a function of our wages and the prices of the goods we purchase. " And immigrants reduce the prices of those goods. Patricia Cortes, an economist at the University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business, found that immigrants lowered the prices in "immigrant-intensive industries" like housekeeping and gardening by about 10 percent. So our wages go up and the prices of the things we want to buy go down.
    We should remember, though, that the average worker isn’t every worker. A study by Harvard economists George Borjas and Lawrence Katz found that although immigrants raised native wages overall, they slightly hurt the 8 percent of workers without a high-school education and those with a college education. A subsequent study by Peri looked harder at the ways immigrant labor differed from native labor and found that all groups of workers saw a benefit from immigrants—though unskilled workers saw less of a benefit than highly skilled workers.
    And unskilled workers face even tougher competition from undocumented immigrants who, because their status is so tenuous, will accept pay beneath the minimum wage. And they are unlikely to complain about safety regulations or work conditions. That takes unskilled immigrants from being a bit cheaper than unskilled natives and makes them a lot cheaper—which makes employers likelier to hire them for jobs that native workers could do better.
    This suggests, first, that American workers would be better off if we figured out a way to take the 12 million undocumented immigrants and give them legal status, and second, that we might want to give them more direct help if we’re going to increase immigration. Both are possible—just politically difficult.
    Our immigration policy should be primarily oriented around our national goals. And one goal is to have the world’s most innovative and dynamic economy. It’s never going to be the case that each and every one of the planet’s most talented individuals is born on American soil. But those born elsewhere could be lured here. People like living here. We should be leveraging that advantage, mercilessly roaming the globe, finding the most talented people and attracting them to our country. When we have the best talent, we have the best innovations. That’s how we landed Google, Intel, and the atomic bomb. Immigrants are about twice as likely as native-born Americans to start a small business, and they’re 30 percent more likely to apply for a patent.
Who will suffer most from immigration?
选项 A、Immigrants.
B、Average Americans.
C、Unskilled American workers.
D、Highly skilled American workers.
答案C
解析 谁将从移民中蒙受最大的损失?原文主要探讨了移民将使本国普通工人受益。第八段中提到“无技能的工人受益不如有技能的工人大。”因此，受益最小的也就是蒙受损失最大的，应该是无技能的工人。
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