首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Community cancer dusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists and by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and concern
Community cancer dusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists and by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and concern
admin
2013-10-17
56
问题
Community cancer dusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists and by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and concerned local residents, for instance, might immediately suspect environmental radiation as the culprit when a high incidence of cancer cases occurs near a nuclear facility. Epidemiologists, in contrast, would be more likely to say that the incidences were "inconclusive" or the result of pure chance. And when a breast cancer survivor, Lorraine Pace, mapped 20 breast cancer cases occurring in her West Islip, Long Island, community, her rudimentary research efforts were guided more by hope—that a specific environmental agent could be correlated with the cancers—than by scientific method.
When epidemiologists study clusters of cancer cases and other noncontiguous conditions such as birth defects or miscarriage, they take several variables into account, such as background rate (the number of people affected in the general population) , duster size, and specificity (any notable characteristics of the individual affected in each case). If a cluster is both large and specific, it is easier for epidemiologists to assign blame. Not only must each variable be considered on its own, but it must also be combined with others. Lung cancer is very common in the general population. Yet when a huge number of cases turned up among World War II shipbuilders who had all worked with asbestos, the size of the cluster and the fact that the men had similar occupational asbestos exposures enabled epidemiologists to assign blame to the fibrous mineral.
Although several known carcinogens have been discovered through these kinds of occupational or medical clusters, only one community cancer duster has ever been traced to an environmental cause. Health officials often discount a community’s suspicion of a common environmental cause because citizens tend to include cases that were diagnosed before the afflicted individuals moved into the neighborhood. Add to this is the problem of cancer’s latency. Unlike an infectious disease such as cholera, which is caused by a recent exposure to food or water contaminated with the cholera bacterium, cancer may have its roots in an exposure that occurred 10 to 20 years earlier.
Do all these caveats mean that the hard work of Lorraine Pace and other community activists is for nothing? Not necessarily. Together with many other reports of breast cancer clusters on Long Island, the West Islip situation highlighted by Pace has helped epidemiologists lay the groundwork for a well-designed scientific study.
The case of the World War II shipbuilders with lung cancer is an example of______.
选项
A、an occupational cluster
B、a medical cluster
C、a radiation duster
D、an environmental cluster
答案
A
解析
A意为:一种职业群体病。第二段最后一句提到,在二次世界大战期间,在石棉环境下工作的造船工人大量患上肺癌。他们群体巨大,并都在石棉环境下工作的这个事实,使得传染病专家将发病原因归结为是石棉纤维造成的。言外之意,这是与职业有关的病。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/QyXO777K
0
在职攻硕英语联考
相关试题推荐
Aperson’shomeisasmuchareflectionofhispersonalityastheclotheshewears,thefoodheeatsandthefriendswithwhomh
Mostpeoplewhotravellongdistancescomplainofjetlag(飞行时差反应).Jetlagmakesbusinesstravelerslessproductiveandmorepro
Ontheoutskirtsofthecity,thereisabusinessbasedonanunderstandingofprobabilities.Itisajailalaifronton,acaver
I’vebeenwritingformostofmylife.ThebookWritingWithoutTeachersintroducedmetoonedistinctionandonepracticethat
Asthetwentiethcenturybegan,theimportanceofformaleducationintheUnitedStatesincreased.Thefrontierhadmostlydisap
______tellingheragainsinceshewon’tlistentoit?
Thereisnodenyingthatstudentsshouldlearnsomethingabouthowcomputerswork,justasweexpectthematleasttounderstand
Ifyoucallthe911emergencynumber,theywill______firemen,policemen,andparamedicsimmediately.
Allthesedayshe______onhispaper.
Statusesaremarveloushumaninventionsthatenableustogetalongwithoneanotherandtodeterminewherewe"fit"insociety.
随机试题
患者男性,55岁。近一年来体重减轻,多食易饥,怕热多汗,心悸,易怒,体检:消瘦,双侧甲状腺肿大,心率110次/分。甲状腺功能改变时,较T3、T4反应更迅速的项目是
对人而言,HLA抗原属于
小蓟饮子的功用是导赤散的功用是
鳖甲具有的功效是浮海石具有的功效是
甲、乙级监理单位的注册资金分别不少于( )万元。
易通公司是一家处于创业期的IT培训公司,由于处于发展阶段,公司的人员结构变动大,为了配合公司进一步的发展计划,公司老总要求人力资源部门重新制定一份该公司未来5年的人力资源规划。根据上述材料,回答下列问题。进行人力资源规划之前,人力资源部门首先必须(
下列有关实际执行的重要性的说法中,错误的是()。
夜盲症发生的原因是
FTP服务器利用______来控制用户对服务器的访问权限。
Literature,especially【T1】______,givespeopleagreaterappreciationforhistoryinanon-historicalway.【T2】______remainthe
最新回复
(
0
)