首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In 1930, W. K. Kellogg made what he thought was a sensible decision, grounded in the best economic, social and management theori
In 1930, W. K. Kellogg made what he thought was a sensible decision, grounded in the best economic, social and management theori
admin
2012-07-10
70
问题
In 1930, W. K. Kellogg made what he thought was a sensible decision, grounded in the best economic, social and management theories of the time. Workers at his cereal plant in Battle Greek, Mich, were told to go home two hours earlier every day for good.
The Depression-era move was hailed in Factory and Industrial Management magazine as the "biggest piece of industrial news since Henry Ford announced his five-dollar-a-day policy. " It’s believed that industry and machines would lead to workers’ paradises where all would have less work, more free time, and yet still produce enough to meet their needs.
So what happened? Today, instead of working less, our hours have stayed steady or risen — and today many more women work so that families can afford the trappings of suburbia. In effect, workers chose the path of consumption over leisure.
With unemployment at a nine-year high and many workers worried about losing their jobs — or forced to accept cutbacks in pay and benefits — work is hardly the paradise economists once envisioned.
The modern environment would seem alien to pre-industrial laborers. For centuries, the household — from farms to "cottage" craftsmen — was the unit of production. The whole family was part of the enterprise, be it farming, blacksmithing, or baking. "In pre-industrial society, work and family were practically the same thing," says Gillis.
The Industrial Revolution changed all that. Mills and massive iron smelters required ample labor and constant attendance. For the first time, work and family were split. Instead of selling what they produced, workers sold their time. With more people leaving farms to move to cities and factories, labor became a commodity and placed on the market like any other.
Innovation gave rise to an industrial process based on machinery and mass production.
The theories of Frederick Taylor, a Philadelphia factory foreman, led to work being broken down into component parts, with each step timed to coldly quantify jobs that skilled craftsmen had worked a lifetime to learn. Workers resented Taylor and his stopwatch, complaining that his focus on process stripped their jobs of creativity and pride, making them irritable. Long before anyone knew what "stress" was, Taylor brought it to the workplace — and without sympathy.
The division of work into components that could be measured and easily taught reached its apex in Ford’s River Rouge Plant in Dearborn, Mich. , where the assembly line
came of age
. To maximize the production lines, businesses needed long hours from their workers. But it was no easy to sell.
Labor leaders fought back with their own propaganda. For more than a century, a key struggle for the labor movement was reducing the amount of time workers had to spend on the job.
Between 1830 and 1930, work hours were cut nearly in half, with economist John Maynard Keynes famously predicting in 1930 that by 2030 a 15-hour workweek would be standard. While work had once been a means to serve God, two centuries of choices and industrialization had turned work into an end in itself, stripped of the spiritual meaning that sustained the Puritans who came ready to tame the wilderness.
By the end of the 1970s, companies were reaching out to spiritually drained workers by offering more engagement while withdrawing the promise of a job for life, as the American economy faced a stiff challenge from cheaper workers abroad. By the 1990s, technology made working from home possible for a growing number of people. Seen as a boon at first, telecommuting and the rapidly proliferating "electronic leash" of cell phones made work inescapable, as employees found themselves on call 24/7. Today, almost half of American workers use computers, cell phones, E-mail, and faxes for work during what is supposed to be nonwork time. Home is no longer a refuge but a cozier extension of the office.
When the stock market bubble burst and the economy fell into its recent recession, workers were forced to re-evaluate their priorities. They want a better quality of life; they’re asking for more flextime to spend with their families.
But there’s still the question of fulfillment. A recent study shows that work doesn’t satisfy workers’ deeper needs. "We expect more and more out of our jobs," says Hunnicutt. "We expect to find wonderful people and experience all around us. "
The economist John Maynard Keynes predicted that______.
选项
A、work hour would be cut nearly in half
B、work hour would be cut nearly in half between 1830 and 1930
C、work hour would be cut in 1930
D、by 2030 a 15-hour workweek would be standard
答案
D
解析
细节题型见第十段第一句:Between 1830 and 1930,work hours were cut nearly in half,with economist John Maynard Keynes famously predicting in 1930 that by 2030 a 15-hour workweek would be standard.(从1830年到1930年这一个世纪中,工作时间几乎被削减了一半,经济学家John Maynard Keynes在1930年曾做过一个著名的预言:到2030年工人的一个工作周为十五小时将是标准的);因此D为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/Tp5O777K
本试题收录于:
CATTI三级笔译综合能力题库翻译专业资格(CATTI)分类
0
CATTI三级笔译综合能力
翻译专业资格(CATTI)
相关试题推荐
"StudentsonCampus"Whydidthewomanmakeoverheadcopiesoftheslides?
"StudentsonCampus"Whichstrategydoesthewomanuseforherpresentation?
→HolmesandRahe(1967)developedtheSocialReadjustmentRatingScale(SRRS)tomeasurelifechangeasaformofstress.AThe
→HolmesandRahe(1967)developedtheSocialReadjustmentRatingScale(SRRS)tomeasurelifechangeasaformofstress.AThe
Conversation:CampusNewspaperWhydoesthewomangotothecampusnewspaperoffice?
"LayersofSocialClass"Takentogether,income,occupation,andeducationaregoodmeasuresofpeople’ssocialstanding.U
"StudentsonCampus"Whatisthepurposeofthisconversation?
"StudentsonCampus"Whatwillthemanprobablydo?
"StudentsonCampus"Whatistheman’sproblem?
随机试题
宏达钢铁公司有钢条、钢圈和钢板3条生产线,目前钢条有4个产品项目,钢圈有8个产品项目,钢板有6个产品项目,此企业产品组合的长度是()
对鉴别上、下消化道出血有帮助的是
与上颌窦关系最密切的是哪一组牙对面容影响最大的是哪一组牙
下列表示中___________的表示形式是正确的。
稽察特派员主要职责是()。
A市拟建一环路立交桥工程,其中跨越主干道路部分采用钢一混凝土结合粱结构,鉴于吊装的单节钢梁重量大,在城市主干道上施工,施工比较复杂,难度比较大,承建该工程的施工项目部为此制订了专项施工方案。在此过程中拟采取以下措施:(1)为保证吊车安装
对特别行政区直接行使权力的国家机关有中央人民政府,全国人大,特别行政区政府。()
俗话说“满招损,谦受益……虚心使人进步,骄傲受人落后”,教师在团队合作中,最好首先做到()。
求二次型f(χ1,χ2,χ3)=(χ1+χ2)2+(χ2-χ3)2+(χ3+χ1)2的秩,正负惯性指数p,q.
A、 B、 C、 B
最新回复
(
0
)