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  3. What role does speaking play in second language acquisition? It has no direct role, since language is acquired by comprehensibl

What role does speaking play in second language acquisition? It has no direct role, since language is acquired by comprehensibl

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问题     What role does speaking play in second language acquisition?
It has no direct role, since language is acquired by comprehensible
input, but in fact someone who is not able to speak for physical【S1】______
reasons can still acquire the full ability to understand language.
However, speaking does indirectly help in two ways: speaking
produces conversation, which produces comprehensible input, and
your speaking allows native speakers to judge what level you are at
and then adjust their speaking downward you, providing you input【S2】______
that is more easily understood.
    What kind of input is optimal for acquisition? The best input is
comprehensible, which sometimes means that it needs to be slow【S3】______
and more carefully articulated, using common vocabulary, more【S4】______
slang, and shorter sentences. Optimal input is interesting and / or
relevant and allows the acquirer to focus on the meaning of the
message and not on the form of the message. Optimal input is not
grammatically sequenced, and a grammatical syllabus should not be
used in the language classroom, in a part because all students will【S5】______
not be at exactly the same level and because each structure is often
only introduced once before moving on to anything else. Finally,
optimal input must focus on quantity, although most language
teachers have to date seriously overestimated how much【S6】______
comprehensible input is actually needed for the acquirer to progress.【S7】______
    In addition to receive the right kind of input, students should【S8】______
have their affective filter kept low, meaning that classroom stress
should be minimized and students " should not be put on the
defensive. " One result of this is what student’s errors should not be【S9】______
corrected. Students should be taught how to gain more input from
the outside world, including helping them acquire conversational
competence, the mean of managing conversation.【S10】______
【S2】
选项
答案downward∧一to
解析 介词缺失。speak to sb．是固定搭配，downward在这里是副词，修饰speak，故其后应加上介词to。
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