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  3. 影响测试有效性的因素 ——1995年英译汉及详解 The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifyi

影响测试有效性的因素 ——1995年英译汉及详解 The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifyi

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问题 影响测试有效性的因素
——1995年英译汉及详解
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress.【F1】The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records.【F2】How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.【F3】Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
【F4】In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.【F5】For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
【F3】
选项
答案因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
解析 本句考查的重点是：主语从句和非谓语。 本句的主语是whether引导的主语从句，谓语是depends，therefore是一个插入语，作为逻辑关系词，翻译时位置要提前。宾语有两部分，分别由两个upon引出，由连词and连接。宾语的第二部分有一个“such…as”结构，在中文语序中，一般把例子放在前，所以可以把as后的名词提前翻译成“例如／诸如…等”。
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