首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
American ethnocentricity, while manifest in general attitudes toward others is, of course, tempered somewhat by the very heterog
American ethnocentricity, while manifest in general attitudes toward others is, of course, tempered somewhat by the very heterog
admin
2011-12-20
49
问题
American ethnocentricity, while manifest in general attitudes toward others is, of course, tempered somewhat by the very heterogeneity of the population that we have been examining. Thus, while there are the broad standard-expressed in the ways most Americans set goals for their children, organize their political lives, and think about their society in contrast to others-living in our racial and ethnic mosaic makes us more inclined to think in terms of layers or circles of familiarity. A black from Chicago feels and thinks very "American" in lago or Nairobi as does an Italian from Brooklyn when visiting relatives in Calabria or Sicily. But when they get home, they will generally reveal to feeling "black" in contrast to "white" and Italian in comparison to other Americans in their own communities.
Ethnocentrism is found in political as well as in ethnic contexts. Much of the discussion of patriotism and loyalty is couched in language that reflects rather narrow culture-bound thinking. At various periods in our history this phenomenon has been particularly marked—we remind ourselves of the nativistic movements of the pre-Civil War period, of the anti-foreign organizations during the time of greatest immigration, and the McCarthyism of the early 1950s. During the McCarthy era there was a widespread attempt to impose the notion that anyone who had ever joined a Marxist study group, supported the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War, or belonged to any one of a number of liberal organizations was "un-American. "
It is clear that not only those "over the sea" are viewed (and view others) ethnocentrically. These distinctions between "they" and "we" exist within societies as well. In modern industrial societies most individuals belong to a wide array of social groups that differentiate them from others-familial, religious, occupational, recreational, and so on. Individuals are frequently caught in a web of conflicting allegiances. This situation is often surmounted by a hierarchicalranking of groups as referents for behavior. In most societies, including our own, the family is the primary reference group. As we have seen in the United States, ethnic or racial identity and religious affiliation are also relevant referents. Members of other ethnic, racial, and religious groups are often judged on the basis of how closely they conform to the standards of the group passing judgment.
Thus, several studies have shown that in American society many whites holding Christian beliefs, who constitute both the statistical majority and the dominant group, rank minorities along a continuum of social acceptability. They rate members of minority groups in descending order in terms of how closely the latter approximate their image of "real Americans. " Early studies of "social distance" indicated that most ranked groups in the following manner: Protestants from Europe at the top, then, Irish Catholics, Iberians, Italians, Jews, Spanish-Americans, American-born Chinese and Japanese, blacks, and foreign-born Asians. A 1966 study suggested the following rank order: English, French, Swedes, Italians, Scots, Germans, Spaniards, Jews, Chinese, Russians, and blacks. While, over the years, most Americans generally have considered those of English or Canadian ancestry to be acceptable citizens, good neighbors, social equals, and desirable marriage partners, relatively few feel the same way about those who rank low in scales of social distance.
There is an interesting correlate to this finding. Investigators have found that minority-group members themselves tend to accept the dominant group’s ranking system—with one exception: each tends to put his or her own group at the top of the scale.
Ranking is one characteristic of ethnocentric thinking: generalizing is another. The more another group differs from one’s own, the more one is likely to generalize about its social characteristics and to hold oversimplified attitudes toward its members. When asked to describe our close friends, we are able to cite their idiosyncratic traits : we may distinguish among subtle differences of physiognomy, demeanor, intelligence, and interests. It becomes increasingly difficult to make the same careful evaluation of casual neighbors; it is almost impossible when we think of people we do not know at first-hand. Understandably, the general tendency is to assign strangers to available group categories that seem to be appropriate. Such labeling is evident in generalized images of "lazy" Indians, "furtive" Japanese, "passionate" Latins, and "penny-pinching" Scots.
Ranking others according to one’s own standards and categorizing them into generalized stereotypes together serve to widen the gap between "they" and "we." Freud has written that "in the undisguised antipathies and aversions which people feel toward strangers with whom they have to do we may recognize the expression of self-love—of narcissism," in sociological terms, a function of ethnocentric thinking is the enhancement of group cohesion. There is a close relationship between a high degree of ethnocentrism on the part of one group and an increase of antipathy toward others. This relationship tends to hold for ethnocentrism of both dominant and minority groups.
The author of the passage means to say that ______.
选项
A、ethnocentrism is a psychological problem
B、ethnocentrism exists parochially
C、ethnocentrism varies in degree and intensity in different social groups
D、ethnocentrism is a universal phenomenon
答案
D
解析
文中第一段引出“民族优越感”这一现象,第二段第一句讲到,民族优越感在政界以及不同种族间存在。第三段第一句提到,社会上对“they”和“we”的区分也体现出民族优越感。文章最后一句又提到,民族优越感在主流群体及少数民族人群中都存在。所以综合全文来看,作者想要表达的是,民族优越感的存在是个很普遍的现象。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/VCua777K
本试题收录于:
翻译硕士(翻译硕士英语)题库专业硕士分类
0
翻译硕士(翻译硕士英语)
专业硕士
相关试题推荐
许国璋先生认为把“revolution”译为“革命”,把“metaphysics”译为“形而上学”,是得体地翻译有文化负载的词语(cuhure—loadedwords)的典范。请指出“革命”和“形而上学”出自什么中国典籍,并对许国璋先生的评价作简单的阐释。
WhichisnotwrittenbyMarkTwain?
MobyDickwaswrittenby().
长臂管辖(权)(long-armjurisdiction)是美国法院在民事诉讼中确定对案件是否拥有管辖权的一项规则。在1945年的国际鞋业公司诉华盛顿州案中,美国联邦最高法院以“最低限度联系”理论为基础,创立了特殊属人管辖权(specificjuris
Investorssaidtheywere"surprisedandencouraged"bythesentiment,althoughothershareholdersseemed______tohavingProsse
Fortheexecutiveproducerofanetworknightlynewsprogramme,theworkdayoftenbeginsatmidnightasminedidduringsevenye
Anewlyindependentcolonywasplungedinto______bywarringfactionsandalackofcentralleadership.
Idon’tregret______herwhatIthoughtofherhusband,eventhoughitmighthaveupsether.
Nowthesummerisherewithmorevisitors,sothebusinessis______.
Readthefollowingpassageandanswerthequestionsthatfollowed.TwiceasmanygirlsasboysarebeingborninsomeArctic
随机试题
什么是激励?激励的作用有哪些?
试述磷的生理功能。
案情:甲有限责任公司注册资本20万元,有股东5人,王某、李某、张某和陈某是自然人股东,各持有公司2万元的股份,乙企业是法人股东,持有公司12万元的股份。王某欲将股份转让给丙企业,王某书面通知李某、张某、陈某和乙企业,李某不同意王某将股份转让给丙企业,张某、
鉴于建设项目风险事故对环境会造成重大危害,对存在风险事故的建设项目,特别是在原料、生产、产品、储存、运输中涉及危险化学品的建设项目,在环境影响报告书的编制中,必须有()的内容。
依据施工合同示范文本规定,索赔事件发生后的28天内,承包人应向工程师递交()。
当经济萧条、失业增加时,政府通过(),可以缓解需求不足的势头。
方程=3的解是()
中国特色社会主义进入新时代,社会主要矛盾已经转化,这是关系全局的历史性变化,对党和国家工作提出了许多新要求。但我们也必须认识到,没有改变的是()。
省节能办给下属省直单位配发公务自行车,要求在3公里内使用。结果有的机关使用率低。你怎么看?
Accordingtothepassage,80%ofallhumanillnessesareconnectedwith______.Thecancerofthe______isparticularlyrelate
最新回复
(
0
)