首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resou
The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resou
admin
2012-01-05
76
问题
The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, however, governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidise the exploitation and consumption of natural resources. A whole range of policies, from farm-price support to protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and (often) make no economic sense. Scrapping them offers a two-fold bonus: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy. Growth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to confront the vested interest that subsidies create.
No activity affects more of the earth’s surface than farming. It shapes a third of the planet’s land area, not counting Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. World food output per head has risen by 4 per cent between the 1970s and i980s mainly as a result of increases in yields from land already in cultivation, but also because more land has been brought under the plough.
All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilizers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil’s productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon a programme to convert 11 percent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.
Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land. In the late 1990s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984. A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use (a fall compounded by the decline in world commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies also stopped land-clearing and overstocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms began to diversify. The one kind of subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion.
In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce new payments to encourage farmers to treat their land in environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it fallow. It may sound strange but such payments need to be higher than the existing incentives for farmers to grow food crops. Farmers, however, dislike being paid to do nothing. In several countries they have become interested in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel for power stations (as biomass). Such fuels produce far less carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow. They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect. But they are rarely competitive with fossil fuels unless subsidised and growing them does no less environmental harm than other crops.
A result of the Uruguay Round of world trade negotiations is like]y to be a reduction of 36 percent in the average levels of farm subsidies paid by the rich countries in 1986-1990. Some of the world’s food production will move from Western Europe to regions where subsidies are lower or nonexistent, such as the former communist countries and parts of the developing world. Some environmentalists worry about this outcome. It will undoubtedly mean more pressure to convert natural habitat into farmland. But it will also have many desirable environmental effects. The intensity of farming in the rich world should decline, and the use of chemical inputs will diminish. Crops are more likely to be grown in the environments to which they are naturally suited. And more farmers in poor countries will have the money and the incentive to manage their land in ways that are sustainable in the long run. That is important. To feed an increasingly hungry world, farmers need every incentive to use their soil and water effectively and efficiently.
What did the research completed in 1982 find?
选项
答案
The research found that about one-fifth of United States’ farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil’s productivity.
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/VNua777K
本试题收录于:
翻译硕士(翻译硕士英语)题库专业硕士分类
0
翻译硕士(翻译硕士英语)
专业硕士
相关试题推荐
Ingeneral,()languageacquisitionreferstochildren’sdevelopmentoftheirlanguageofthecommunityinwhichachildhas
"Thelettucewaslonelywithouttomatoesandcucumbersforcompany"isanexampleof().
联合国教育、科学及文化组织(简称:联合国教科文组织,英文:UnitedNationsEducationalScientific:andCulturalOrganization,缩写UNESCO)成立于1946年11月,是联合国下属的专门机构之一。
MillionsofelderlyGermansreceivedanoticefromtheHealth&SocialSecurityMinistryearlierthismonththatstruckadamagi
Carletonwouldstillrankamongthegreat______:ofnineteenthcenturyAmericanartevenifthecircumstanceofherlifeandca
Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper______inbroaddaylightyesterday.
Intermsofpurequantityofresearchanddebate,businessschoolshaveperformedamazinglyinpromotingmanagementasadistinc
Overthecenturies,varioustheorieshavebeen______toexplaintheoriginofalphabeticwriting.
Low-levelslash-and-bumfarmingdoesn’tharmrainforest.Onthecontrary,ithelpsfarmersandimprovesforestsoils.Thisisth
Inadditiontourgetoconformwhichwegenerateourselves,thereistheexternalpressureofthevariousformalandinformalgr
随机试题
管理组织设计的基础工作是()的设计工作。
群体决策
下列哪项心电图表现对确诊室性心动过速最有价值
暖卫工程质量验收应划分为________、________、________。
某土样采用南55型渗透仪在试验室进行渗透系数试验,试样高度为2.0cm,面积30cm2,试样水头40cm,渗透水量为每24小时160cm3,该土样的渗透系数最接近()。
建筑地面工程施工采用有机胶黏剂粘贴铺设材料时,施工环境温度不宜低于( )。
【2015下】董老师总是希望在课堂上尽可能地满足学生爱与被爱的需要。董老师的做法体现了哪种课堂管理取向?()
让.雅克.卢梭(1712—1778)是在启蒙运动后期涌现出来的伟大思想家。他构思20年,写作3年,完成了教育巨著《爱弥尔》,提出了较为系统的自然教育理论。从根本上否定了封建宗教教育,在世界教育史上具有划时代的伟大意义。卢梭很重视体育,在《爱弥尔》中,从婴儿
AnimportantcluetotheunderstandingofAustraliaistheecosystem.Anecosystemisacollectionofdifferentlivingandnon-l
Thedetectiveinsistedthathe(have)______alook.
最新回复
(
0
)