首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The Origins of Theatre A) In seeking to describe the origins of Theatre, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is
The Origins of Theatre A) In seeking to describe the origins of Theatre, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is
admin
2017-02-13
31
问题
The Origins of Theatre
A) In seeking to describe the origins of Theatre, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, envisions Theatre as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.
B) Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a person becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward Theatre as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.
C) Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the Theatre came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, a battle, or other feats) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.
D) A closely related theory sees Theatre as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal noises and sounds. Admiration for the performer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical performances.
E) In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of Theatre, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop Theatre. Why did Theatre develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century BC, sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The Theatre, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.
F) But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous Theatre. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous Theatre is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.
G) Theatreis a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of design and stagecraft are used to enhance the physicality, presence and immediacy of the experience. The specific place of the performance is also named by the word "theatre" as derived from the Ancient Greek word "theatron", "a place for viewing" , itself from "theaomai" , "to see" , "to watch" , "to observe".
H) Modern Western theatre derives in large measure from ancient Greek drama, from which it borrows technical terminology, classification into genres, and many of its themes, stock characters, and plot elements. Theatre scholar Patrice Pavis defines theatricality, theatrical language, stage writing, and the specificity of theatre as synonymous expressions that differentiate theatre from the other performing arts, literature, and the arts in general.
I) Theatre today includes performances of plays and musicals. Although it can be defined broadly to include opera and ballet, those art forms are outside the scope of this article. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans. The Roman historian Livy wrote that the Romans first experienced theatre in the 4th century BCE, with a performance by Etruscan actors. The theatre of ancient Rome was a thriving and diverse art form, ranging from festival performances of street theatre, nude dancing, and acrobatics, to the staging of Plautus’s broadly appealing situation comedies, to the high-style, verbally elaborate tragedies of Seneca.
According to the Ancient Greek, the word "theatre" means a place for viewing, a place to watch the program.
选项
答案
G
解析
定位题。根据Ancient Greek定位到G段最后一句,原句是“The specific place of the performance is also named by the word ‘theatre’as derived from the Ancient Greek word‘theatron’,‘a place for viewing’”这里需要对大写字母进行定位,同时,要区分theatre的两种含义。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/WJi7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
A、Eatless.B、Buysomeclothesofalargersize.C、Buysomenewclothes.D、Domoreexercise.A医疗健康类,请求建议题。女士说她需要买新衣服,因为她原来的衬衫现在都
A、Sheisafanofcartoon.B、Sheisveryhospitable.C、Shehasaverybighouse.D、Sheownsabookstore.A生活交际类。语义理解题。男士说他上周五去He
Childrenwhosemindswandermighthavesharperbrains,researchsuggests.Astudyhasfoundthatpeoplewho【B1】______constantlyd
Whatmakespeoplehappier:moneyorhavinghappyfriendsandneighbors?Researchersinanewstudyfindthatfriendsofhappype
There’snothingliketheinstinctiveroarofthecrowdwhenthousandsofpeopleallsing,orshouttogether.Buttranslatingtha
Inherearlydaysasanemergencyroomphysician,Dr.JoannaMeyertreatedachildwhohadsufferedaseconddegreeburn.After
Itislogicaltosupposethatthingslikegoodlabourrelations,goodworkingconditions,goodwagesandbenefits,andjob【B1】__
微博(microblog)的实质是一种“超短网络日志",即在网页上按照时间顺序排列个人信息的一种记录形式。微博的最大特点就是利用网络空间,发表自己的观点和主张。2009年新浪微博的推出使得微博一时间成为网络世界的新宠。现在,至少70%的网民都是微博用户,微
Accordingtonewgovernmentfigures,pollutionlevelsarerisingagainafterseveralyearsofgradualdecline.Data【C1】_____
ANiceCupofTeaTheLegendaryOriginsofTeaA)ThestoryofteabeganinancientChinaover5,000yearsago.Accordingto
随机试题
以下属于唐朝官员主要来源的有()
痹证关节疼痛日久,肿胀局限或见皮下结节者为
A.第一心音亢进B.第一心音减弱C.A2亢进D.P2固定分裂E.P2逆分裂二尖瓣关闭不全会产生
A.肺内有直径1cm左右干酪样坏死灶并伴肺门淋巴结结核B.肺的锁骨下区干酪样坏死灶伴明显病灶周围炎C.肺内直径2—5cm球形干酪样坏死灶有纤维包裹D.累及一个肺叶的干酪样坏死灶E.肺尖部以增生性病变为主的病灶
A公司拟购建一条新生产线,项目总投资800万元,建设期为2年,可以使用6年。若公司要求的年报酬率为10%,则该项目每年应产生的最低报酬为()万元。
—菱形土地的面积为平方公里,菱形的最小角为60度。如果要将这一菱形土地向外扩张变成一正方形土地,问正方形土地边长最小为多少公里?()
[2011年10月]已知x(1一kx)3=a1x+a2x2+a3x3+a4x4对所有实数x都成立,则a1+a2+a3+a4=一8。(1)a2=—9;(2)a3=27。
在现实的资本主义经济生活中,资本家把剩余价值看作全部垫付资本的产物或增加额,这就使得()
下列关于服务器技术的描述中,错误的是()。
下列叙述中正确的是
最新回复
(
0
)