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  3. In his "Odyssey", Homer immortalized the idea of resisting temptation by having the protagonist tied to the mast of his ship, to

In his "Odyssey", Homer immortalized the idea of resisting temptation by having the protagonist tied to the mast of his ship, to

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问题     In his "Odyssey", Homer immortalized the idea of resisting temptation by having the protagonist tied to the mast of his ship, to hear yet not succumb to the beautiful, dangerous songs of the Sirens. Researchers have long been intrigued as to whether this ability to avoid, or defer, gratification is related to outcomes in life. The best-known test is the "marshmallow" experiment, in which children who could refrain from eating the confection for 15 minutes were given a second one. Children who could not wait tended to have lower incomes and poorer health as adults. New research suggests that kids who are unable to delay rewards are also more likely to become criminals later.
    Recently, four researchers used data from a Swedish survey in which more than 13,000 children aged 13 were asked whether they would prefer to receive $140 now or $1,400 in five years’ time. About four-fifths of them said they were prepared to wait.
    Unlike previous researchers, the authors were able to track all the children and account for their parental background and cognitive ability. They found that the 13-year-olds who wanted the smaller sum of money at once were 32% more likely to be convicted of a crime during the next 18 years than those children who said they would rather wait for the bigger reward. Individuals who are impatient, they believe, prefer instant benefits and are therefore less likely to be deterred by potential punishments.
    But those who fret that a person’ s criminal path is set already as a teenager should not despair.
    The four researchers offer a remedy. When the respondents’ education was included in the analysis, they found that higher educational attainment was linked to a preference for delayed gratification.
    Educational attainment and patience are related either because patience helps students to do better or because schooling makes people more likely to postpone rewards. Fortunately, there is evidence in support of the latter theory. Francisco Perez-Arce of the RAND Corporation, a think-tank, interviewed around 2,000 applicants for Mexican universities. The students had similar credentials but some obtained admission through a lottery to a university that did not charge tuition fees, whereas the rest had to apply elsewhere. As a result, a higher proportion of lottery-winners than losers went to college. After a year, Mr. Perez-Arce found, the lottery-winners were more patient than the losers. Since the process was random, he concluded that higher education can make people place more weight on the future.
It is believed that individuals who are impatient______.
选项 A、tend to get benefits at once
B、are able to delay rewards
C、would rather wait for the bigger reward
D、are probably deterred by potential punishments
答案A
解析 根据题干定位到第三段。原文Individuals who are impatient，they believe，preferinstant benefits and are therefore less likely to be deterred by potential punishments．(研究人员相信，缺乏耐心的个体喜欢即时的好处，而且不太可能因潜在的惩罚而却步。)A项tend toget benefits at once为原文prefer instant benefits的同义转述．为正确答案。
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