首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Some Theories of History I. The problems of understanding history History with written records: the records may be【T1】______
Some Theories of History I. The problems of understanding history History with written records: the records may be【T1】______
admin
2019-03-26
20
问题
Some Theories of History
I. The problems of understanding history
History with written records: the records may be【T1】______ and inaccurate.【T1】______
History before writing: we can only make a partial【T2】______.【T2】______
II. Some theories have been proposed to give【T3】______ to human history【T3】______
Theory 1
Man continually【T4】______ in terms of his potentials and【T4】______
his abilities to【T5】______ these potentials.【T5】______
Modern man is superior to his ancestors
【T6】______, physically and morally.【T6】______
A branch of the theory: man rose to a【T7】______ before.【T7】______
Theory 2
Man’s history is a【T8】______ of stages of development, whose pattern is【T8】______
the【T9】______ and fall of civilization.【T9】______
Whether modern man is superior to his ancestors depends on
what【T10】______ of civilization he is in.【T10】______
Theory 3
In this theory, the first two theories【T11】______ with each other.【T11】______
It is known as the【T12】______ of history.【T12】______
Theory 4
This theory views human history from the【T13】______【T13】______
of【T14】______ groups.【T14】______
Human history can be interpreted as the【T15】______ of class struggle.【T15】______
【T11】
Some Theories of History
Good morning, everyone. In today’s lecture, we are going to talk about some theories of history.
How much of man’s history do we know? We really know very little. Written records exist for only a fraction of what we suppose to have been man’s time as a unique species. Furthermore, the accuracy of these records is often suspected, and the scope and selection of significant detail in them often needs improvement.
It is worse when we try to reconstruct man’s history before the development of writing, and this is unfortunate because the history of the early development of human society is lost to us. The most that we can do is to use traces, deduction, speculation and the knowledge we have of the habits of those animals which have some elementary social order to help us make a partial reconstruction. This is hardly a satisfactory substitute for precise information.
With our knowledge of human history, which is only fragmentary at best, it is therefore nearly impossible to reconstruct the beginning, and to deduce the end, of the story of man. Thus, there have developed many schools of thought on the subject, each of which attempts to give coherence to the human past by fitting it into the framework of a theory of history.
The first theory I want to introduce is assumed that man continually progress. He has evolved from a lower to a higher form of being, and he continues to evolve. This evolution takes place both in terms of his potentials and his abilities to actualize these potentials.
If one holds this theory, one feels that modern man must be more intelligent and civilized today than his ancestors, as well as physically and morally superior to them. One further assumes that this progress will continue into an ever more glorious future. Here deduction often ends and dreams of Utopia begin, for it seems that most of us find it hard to think of the human race developing into a race of angels. All in all, as a theory of history, the above view has had many eminent supporters.
It might be well to mention here a variation on this theory that used to be popular, namely the idea that man rose from a low condition to a Golden Age at some time in the remote past, and that things have gone straight downhill ever since. Many eminent men have found a sort of gloomy comfort in this idea, but science has now opened up possibilities for the future which makes this theory less defendable. Perhaps for this reason the theory has little modern support.
A second theory of history is held by those men who see man’s history as something quite different from a simple progression from a lower to a higher state. They see it as a cycle of stages of development which are predictable in their broad outlines and main features. As surely as a civilization rises and comes into being, so also must it decline and fall. The chief pattern one sees in history is the rise and fall of civilization.
To holders of this theory, modern man is not looked upon as the most superior social being yet produced. He is simply the typical product of the current stage in the cycle of our civilization. In fact he may actually be inferior to members of past civilizations. It all depends upon what stage of civilization we happen to be living in. Indeed, it has been said that the average modern literate city dweller is comparatively more ignorant of his era’s fund of knowledge than other literate city dwellers of the past While the staggering fund of knowledge in our technologically advanced world is undoubtedly greater than that of any past civilization, it is probably true that the average modern man, relying on such repetitive forms of entertainment as television and working in a narrowly specialized job, knows a great deal less sheer information about his world than did earlier people.
In a third theory of history, the two above theories are to some degree reconciled. According to this theory, which is often termed the spiral view of history, human societies do repeat a cycle of stages, but overall progress observable in the long historical perspective. Civilizations do rise and fall, as the advocates of the second theory maintain, but the new civilization which replaces the first, usually by conquest, contains superior qualities which enable it to rise to a higher stage of development until it, too, declines and is replaced by yet a third civilization.
The above theories interpret history in term as if the overall progress of mankind in general without respect to differentiations within the social order. It is also possible to view human history in terms of the interaction of socioeconomic groups. Human history, according to this theory, is most clearly interpreted as the disappearance of class struggle. Most people who hold this theory assume an eventual resolution of the struggle through the disappearance of class differences, although it would be just as correct to assume that the struggle could continue unresolved. Those who assume that the struggle can eventually be resolved hold that history has a goal and that progress can be measured in terms of how quickly mankind is reaching that goal.
OK. This brings us to the end of today’s lecture. I hope now you can have a better understanding of what history is. Thank you for your attention.
选项
答案
reconcile
解析
讲座提及的第三种理论是前面两种理论某种程度上的融合(reconcile)。此处应填入原文出现的reconcile“融合”。要注意,原文用的是被动语态,而题目用的是主动语态。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/XgEK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
CrossCulturalNegotiationsIt’simportanttounderstandtheculturaldifferencesinnegotiations,asdifferentcultureshavedi
TherearefourmajortypesofbenchmarkingactivitiespursuedatXerox;internal,functional,generic,andcompetitive.Thethe
TherearefourmajortypesofbenchmarkingactivitiespursuedatXerox;internal,functional,generic,andcompetitive.Thethe
Withthedevelopmentofmodernagricultureandindustry,moreandmorewasteandpoisonarepouredintothewater,thesoiland
ItisinterestingtoreflectforamomentuponthedifferencesintheareasofmoralfeelingandstandardsinthepeoplesofJa
IngmaBergman’slatestworkasascreenwriteris"Sunday’sChildren".SetinruralSwedenduringthelate1920s,thestorycen
WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoa
Conventionalwisdomaboutconflictseemsprettymuchcutanddried.Toolittleconflictbreedsapathyandstagnation.Toomuch
HereintheUnitedStates,beforeagriculturalactivitiesdestroyedthenaturalbalance,thereweregreatmigrationsofRocky
HereintheUnitedStates,beforeagriculturalactivitiesdestroyedthenaturalbalance,thereweregreatmigrationsofRocky
随机试题
正在读初一的小马被选入省乒乓球队参加训练,则()
女性病人,50岁,患慢性迁延性肝炎20余年,近一个月来感全身明显乏力,纳差,腹胀,腹泻而入院。入院时查体:T37.8℃,P90次/分,R26次/分,Bp10/8kPa,体重46kg。面色灰暗,体形消瘦,皮肤巩膜轻度黄染,腹部膨隆,叩诊有移动性浊音。关于
卵巢动脉来自
已知某条长80km的220kV线路,末端空载,则首端电压幅值U1与末端电压幅值U2之间的关系是()。
环境影响按影响效果分()。
“矮子里找高个”“水涨船高”是一种()。
关于管理幅度、管理层次与组织规模三者的关系,表述正确的是()。
现在是传播过剩的时代,电视频道对于人们而言不再稀缺,电视频道的不断增加给了观众更多的选择,观众的注意力选择已经成为电视媒体追逐的稀缺资源。这段文字最可能引起下面哪个话题?()
中国共产党制定“发展进步势力,争取中间势力,孤立顽固势力”策略方针的会议是( )
ReadthisarticleabouttheeffectoftheAsiancrisisonLatinAmericancountries.ChoosethecorrectwordfromA,B,CorDt
最新回复
(
0
)