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  3. Passage Four (1) A far cry from the pirates and princesses of today, costumes during Halloween’s precursor centuries ago in

Passage Four (1) A far cry from the pirates and princesses of today, costumes during Halloween’s precursor centuries ago in

admin2022-09-27  29
问题     Passage Four
    (1)  A far cry from the pirates and princesses of today, costumes during Halloween’s precursor centuries ago included animal skins and heads, drag getups, and even mechanical horse heads, historians say.
    (2)  Records of the precursor to Halloween—the Celtic new year celebration of Samhain—are extremely threadbare, said Ken Nilsen, professor of Celtic studies at Canada’s St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. "We don’t have actual records telling us what it was like in ancient times, so our knowledge is based principally on folk customs that continued until recent centuries," Nilsen told National Geographic News.
    (3)  Samhain, however, is known to date back at least 2,000 years, based on analysis of a Celtic bronze calendar discovered in the 1890s in Coligny, France, in what was then called Gaul. The festival marked the end of the Celtic year, when the harvest was gathered and animals were rounded up. It’s said the hides of cattle and other livestock slaughtered at this time were ritually worn during festivities that likely hark back to even earlier pagan beliefs.
    (4)  Ancient Roman writers recorded that tribes in what is now Germany and France held riotous ceremonies where they donned the heads and skins of wild mammals to connect with animal spirits. The custom of wearing animal hides at bonfire-lighted Celtic feast ceremonies survived until recent times, Nilsen notes. "This was certainly done at Martinmas (the November 11 Christian feast of St. Martin) in Ireland and Scotland, which, in the old calendar, would be Halloween," he said. "There might have been an excess of livestock, so it would make sense to slaughter an animal," Nilsen said.
    (5)  Samhain night was also a celebration of the dead—the one time the spirits were believed to walk among the living. Again, the earliest rituals aren’t known in detail, but in recent centuries families put out food and even set extra table places for their ancestors at Samhain. It was also a night when people dressed to create mischief and confusion, according to Bettina Arnold of the Center for Celtic Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. "The spirits of the dead were impersonated by young men dressed with masked, veiled or blackened faces," Arnold wrote in an essay titled Halloween Customs in the Celtic World. These disguises were intended both to protect revelers from any malevolent spirits and to fool households they visited. In Scotland and elsewhere, revelers masquerading as the dead would go around demanding food offerings—a forerunner to today’s trick-or-treating.   Nilsen of St.   Francis Xavier University added: " People put on costumes which frequently included blackened faces and so on, representing spooks, demons, or whatever. "
    (6)  According to the University of Wisconsin’s Arnold, on Samhain the boundary between the living and the dead was obliterated—as was the boundary between the sexes. Male youths would dress up as girls and vice versa, she wrote. In Wales, for example, groups of mischievous young men in Halloween drag were referred to as hags. In parts of Ireland, a man dressed as a white horse known as Lair Bhan—an ancient Celtic fertility symbol—led noisy processions at Samhain.
    (7)   Many Samhain ensembles were incomplete without the appropriate accessories: lanterns made with hollo wed-out turnips and candles. Later transplanted to North America with Irish immigrants, the tradition would be replicated in the fatter form of the pumpkin, a fruit native to the New World.
Which of the following statements about Samhain is TRUE?
选项 A、It is the forerunner of today’s Halloween.
B、It was the celebration of the new year 2 000 years ago.
C、It was celebrated first in Coligny, France.
D、It is an occasion of family gatherings.
答案A
解析 细节题。第二段第一句指出，万圣节的前身就是凯尔特人的萨温新年庆典，因此[A]正确。由该句可知，萨温节是凯尔特人的新年，而[B]没有特别指出“凯尔特人的新年”，意思不确切，故排除；第三段第一句指出，根据19世纪90年代在法国克里尼(那时被称为高卢)发现的凯尔特青铜日历上的记载，萨温节至少要追溯到两千年前，由此可知，法国克里尼是发现青铜日历的地方，而非萨温节开始的地方，故排除[C]；第三段后两句指出，萨温节是人们收获庄稼、围捕猎物的节日，作为一种仪式，人们还会把动物的皮披在身上，但是文章并没有提到萨温节是家庭团聚的时刻，因此排除[D]。
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