首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
admin
2019-03-26
73
问题
Different Types of Learning
I. The definition of learning
A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events
B.【T1】______ of subject’s changing behavior【T1】______
C. A process of recognizing how【T2】______【T2】______
II. Two basic stages of learning
A【T3】______: gradual process with trial and error【T3】______
B. Maintenance: acting on the new information【T4】______【T4】______
III. Four types of learning
A Instrumental or【T5】______【T5】______
— The common one in dog training
— Behavior produces event
which can be a(n)【T6】______ or negative experience【T6】______
— Dogs【T7】______ when rewarded by the experience【T7】______
— Humans get burned when touching a hot stove
— Events/consequences change the behavior
B. Classical/respondent【T8】______【T8】______
— Learning that things go together
— Dogs begin【T9】______ when hearing the bell rings【T9】______
— The first form of learning is【T10】______【T10】______
— For humans, it’s likely to rain when it’s cloudy
C.【T11】______ learning【T11】______
— Also called single event learning
— Events are【T12】______【T12】______
— Dogs won’t perk up ears when hearing an irrelevant noise
— People get【T13】______ to noises【T13】______
D. Social learning
— As a result of being in social groups
— Chimpanzees learning how to【T14】______ by watching【T14】______
— People learn from others
— Frequently occurs in a situation of【T15】______ or being dynamic【T15】______
【T15】
Different Types of Learning
Good morning, everybody. Today, I’m going to talk about learning.
Let’s start with the definition of learning. Then what is learning? We define learning as a process where a living being experiences certain relationships between events and is able to recognize an association between events, and as a consequence the subject’s behavior changes because of that experience. Or, more simply, 1earning is the process of recognizing how a living being’s actions change its environment, other beings’ actions, etc. All living things can learn, even goldfish!
There are two basic stages of learning: acquisition and maintenance. When an individual is first learning something, this is called the acquisition stage. This stage of learning is not all or none: rather, it is usually gradual. You may have heard someone use the phrase "trial and error." Once armed with new information, an individual will act on the new information when it is appropriate. This is known as the maintenance stage. Learning begins to plateau during the maintenance stage.
Learning is done in four types: Instrumental learning, which is more commonly known as operant conditioning, classical conditioning, non-associative learning, and social learning.
Operant conditioning is a form that may be very familiar to you if you have ever trained a dog. The majority of learning is some form of operant conditioning. The simplest way to explain this type of learning is that behavior produces events. An event can be a rewarding experience or a negative experience. As a result of such events the behavior changes. A dog learns that his behavior has consequences and that he can control what happens to him by behaving in certain ways, or refraining from behaving in those ways. If your dog raids the garbage, he is rewarded by this experience by getting tidbits of food, and is more likely to repeat the behavior. Human beings are also products of this learning. We learn from a young age that if we touch a hot stove, we’ll get burned. If we put on a raincoat, we’ll stay dry. This form of learning is characterized by Thorndike’s Law of Effect The law states that if the consequence is pleasant the preceding behavior becomes more frequent, whereas if the consequence is unpleasant, the behavior will diminish and in some cases become extinct.
Classical conditioning is another form of learning that is increasing in popularity. This type of learning results from learning that certain things go together. This learning was demonstrated by the Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. In an investigative experiment, Pavlov was able to demonstrate in dogs that salivation could be started by non-food stimuli such as bells, buzzers, and tones. In his experiments, he was able to show that dogs will salivate when they anticipate food. Thus he created an unrelated stimulus, such as a bell, moments before giving the dog food. Soon the dogs learned that when the bell rings, food is on its way, and thus they began salivating. Humans also learn through classical conditioning. For example, we know that if it is cloudy, that rain is a possibility. Or when something is burning on the stove, the fire alarm may go off. This type of learning is called classical conditioning because it was the first form of learning demonstrated experimentally. It is also sometimes called respondent conditioning, because the first step in changing a behavior due to this type of learning, require involuntary or reflexive behaviors.
Non-associative learning is one of the most basic forms of learning. It is also called single event learning. This type of learning involves learning that some events are unrelated and irrelevant. For example, if a dog hears a noise, he may respond by perking up his ears. This response is called an orienting response. If the noise is something which has no relevance to the dog, the dog will not respond when it hears this noise: however, the dog must first learn which noises are or are not relevant. This is known as habituation. One example of this might happen when you move to a house that is on a busy street. The first night you may have trouble sleeping due to your increased awareness of the sounds. Over the next few days you will become habituated to these noises, and soon you won’t even notice they are there. Non-associative learning is learning that there are not always significant associations between events.
Social learning is a form of learning that occurs as a result of being in social groups. In most animals, this type of learning is only responsible for a small amount of behavior change. This type of learning is most prevalent in animal forms similar to humans. Chimpanzees do a great deal of social learning amongst their social group. Chimps will learn how to use tools by watching older members of the group manipulating those same tools. Humans are also extremely adept at social learning. We learn from others how things are done. Social learning occurs most frequently in a situation where there is some sort of social hierarchy or dynamic.
To sum up briefly, today we’ve discussed the definition of learning, the two stages involved in the process of learning and the four types of learning. So now you must have a clear idea of what learning is. I hope you’ve enjoyed this lecture.
选项
答案
social hierarchy
解析
讲座的最后提到社交学习最经常发生在存在着某种社会阶层的场合,故应填入social hierarchy。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/ZNEK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
WhatisArt?I.DifferentOpinionsonArt—Artmakesusmorethoughtfuland【T1】_____people【T1】______a)Graphicsonvideogameb
WritingaLiteratureReviewI.DefinitionofLiteratureReview—It’sa(n)【T1】_____anddiscussionoftheliterature【T1】______i
WritingaLiteratureReviewI.DefinitionofLiteratureReview—It’sa(n)【T1】_____anddiscussionoftheliterature【T1】______i
Yoga,theancientpracticeofpostures,breathingandmeditation,isgainingalotofattentionfromthematerialworldthati
Yoga,theancientpracticeofpostures,breathingandmeditation,isgainingalotofattentionfromthematerialworldthati
Englishservesasafunctionalalternativelanguageinseveralareasofpublicactivityforthemanynationsoftheworldwhich
AbstractsI.ABSTRACTSA.Descriptiveabstract—【T1】_____ofworkyoucompletedoryouareproposing【T1】______—Nota(n)【T2】___
HowtoWriteaResearchReportAstandardformatwillhelpreaderstolocatetheinformationtheywantquickly.Itistruethat
A、It’sharmful.B、It’ssurprising.C、It’sunlucky.D、It’snormal.A根据句(5)可知,男士认为,人们在食物上的花费大于在娱乐上的花费不足为奇,毕竟人都要吃东西,但是美国人把越来越多的钱花费在
随机试题
(2020年临沂)在动作技能的教学(比如广播体操的教学、武术动作的教学)中,比较合适的教学模式是()
胃黏膜处于高酸和胃蛋白酶的环境中,却并不被消化.是由于存在着自我保护机制称为
产后出血是指胎儿娩出后24h内阴道出血量超过
()被称为“20世纪的平均律钢琴曲集”。
南音是中国现存最古老的乐种之一,以其大量的曲目、古老的乐器和自成体系的记谱方法,________着汉唐以来中国音乐的血脉。南音被誉为“中国音乐历史的活化石”,在中国音乐史中具有________的特殊地位,极具历史、文化、学术研究价值。依次填入划横线部分最
设函数f(x)连续,f’(0)>0,则存在δ>0,使得
在关系中凡能惟一标识元组的最小属性集称为该表的键或码。二维表中可能有若干个键,它们称为该表的()。
Sometimescertainfamiliesadhered______thesamereligiousbeliefsforseveralgenerations.(2013年3月中国科学院考博试题)
There’saworldpapershortage.There’sanationalbottle【C1】______,andwe’rerunningoutofrawmaterialsliketimberandtin—
A、Therewerenotenoughsecuritypersonnelindowntownarea.B、Authoritiesworkedindowntownareatokeeporders.C、Lotsofpeo
最新回复
(
0
)