首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
admin
2019-03-26
49
问题
Different Types of Learning
I. The definition of learning
A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events
B.【T1】______ of subject’s changing behavior【T1】______
C. A process of recognizing how【T2】______【T2】______
II. Two basic stages of learning
A【T3】______: gradual process with trial and error【T3】______
B. Maintenance: acting on the new information【T4】______【T4】______
III. Four types of learning
A Instrumental or【T5】______【T5】______
— The common one in dog training
— Behavior produces event
which can be a(n)【T6】______ or negative experience【T6】______
— Dogs【T7】______ when rewarded by the experience【T7】______
— Humans get burned when touching a hot stove
— Events/consequences change the behavior
B. Classical/respondent【T8】______【T8】______
— Learning that things go together
— Dogs begin【T9】______ when hearing the bell rings【T9】______
— The first form of learning is【T10】______【T10】______
— For humans, it’s likely to rain when it’s cloudy
C.【T11】______ learning【T11】______
— Also called single event learning
— Events are【T12】______【T12】______
— Dogs won’t perk up ears when hearing an irrelevant noise
— People get【T13】______ to noises【T13】______
D. Social learning
— As a result of being in social groups
— Chimpanzees learning how to【T14】______ by watching【T14】______
— People learn from others
— Frequently occurs in a situation of【T15】______ or being dynamic【T15】______
【T15】
Different Types of Learning
Good morning, everybody. Today, I’m going to talk about learning.
Let’s start with the definition of learning. Then what is learning? We define learning as a process where a living being experiences certain relationships between events and is able to recognize an association between events, and as a consequence the subject’s behavior changes because of that experience. Or, more simply, 1earning is the process of recognizing how a living being’s actions change its environment, other beings’ actions, etc. All living things can learn, even goldfish!
There are two basic stages of learning: acquisition and maintenance. When an individual is first learning something, this is called the acquisition stage. This stage of learning is not all or none: rather, it is usually gradual. You may have heard someone use the phrase "trial and error." Once armed with new information, an individual will act on the new information when it is appropriate. This is known as the maintenance stage. Learning begins to plateau during the maintenance stage.
Learning is done in four types: Instrumental learning, which is more commonly known as operant conditioning, classical conditioning, non-associative learning, and social learning.
Operant conditioning is a form that may be very familiar to you if you have ever trained a dog. The majority of learning is some form of operant conditioning. The simplest way to explain this type of learning is that behavior produces events. An event can be a rewarding experience or a negative experience. As a result of such events the behavior changes. A dog learns that his behavior has consequences and that he can control what happens to him by behaving in certain ways, or refraining from behaving in those ways. If your dog raids the garbage, he is rewarded by this experience by getting tidbits of food, and is more likely to repeat the behavior. Human beings are also products of this learning. We learn from a young age that if we touch a hot stove, we’ll get burned. If we put on a raincoat, we’ll stay dry. This form of learning is characterized by Thorndike’s Law of Effect The law states that if the consequence is pleasant the preceding behavior becomes more frequent, whereas if the consequence is unpleasant, the behavior will diminish and in some cases become extinct.
Classical conditioning is another form of learning that is increasing in popularity. This type of learning results from learning that certain things go together. This learning was demonstrated by the Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. In an investigative experiment, Pavlov was able to demonstrate in dogs that salivation could be started by non-food stimuli such as bells, buzzers, and tones. In his experiments, he was able to show that dogs will salivate when they anticipate food. Thus he created an unrelated stimulus, such as a bell, moments before giving the dog food. Soon the dogs learned that when the bell rings, food is on its way, and thus they began salivating. Humans also learn through classical conditioning. For example, we know that if it is cloudy, that rain is a possibility. Or when something is burning on the stove, the fire alarm may go off. This type of learning is called classical conditioning because it was the first form of learning demonstrated experimentally. It is also sometimes called respondent conditioning, because the first step in changing a behavior due to this type of learning, require involuntary or reflexive behaviors.
Non-associative learning is one of the most basic forms of learning. It is also called single event learning. This type of learning involves learning that some events are unrelated and irrelevant. For example, if a dog hears a noise, he may respond by perking up his ears. This response is called an orienting response. If the noise is something which has no relevance to the dog, the dog will not respond when it hears this noise: however, the dog must first learn which noises are or are not relevant. This is known as habituation. One example of this might happen when you move to a house that is on a busy street. The first night you may have trouble sleeping due to your increased awareness of the sounds. Over the next few days you will become habituated to these noises, and soon you won’t even notice they are there. Non-associative learning is learning that there are not always significant associations between events.
Social learning is a form of learning that occurs as a result of being in social groups. In most animals, this type of learning is only responsible for a small amount of behavior change. This type of learning is most prevalent in animal forms similar to humans. Chimpanzees do a great deal of social learning amongst their social group. Chimps will learn how to use tools by watching older members of the group manipulating those same tools. Humans are also extremely adept at social learning. We learn from others how things are done. Social learning occurs most frequently in a situation where there is some sort of social hierarchy or dynamic.
To sum up briefly, today we’ve discussed the definition of learning, the two stages involved in the process of learning and the four types of learning. So now you must have a clear idea of what learning is. I hope you’ve enjoyed this lecture.
选项
答案
social hierarchy
解析
讲座的最后提到社交学习最经常发生在存在着某种社会阶层的场合,故应填入social hierarchy。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/ZNEK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
WhatisArt?I.DifferentOpinionsonArt—Artmakesusmorethoughtfuland【T1】_____people【T1】______a)Graphicsonvideogameb
PreventingCrossCulturalMiscommunicationMiscommunicationshappenallthetimebetweenpeoplewhosenativelanguagesarediffe
GlobalLanguageI.WHAT?Learnedandspokeninternationally【T1】______:【T1】______-thenumberofnativeandsecondlang
在古罗马,柱子是按照人的比例划分的;到了文艺复兴时期,人就是世界上最美好的尺度。今天的中国城市里,裁弯取直的河渠,向四面八方扩张的交通,膨胀硕大的以便于接纳更多商业行为的城市广场与建筑立面,都在告诉人们建设背后的权力与资本才是审美标准。直到有一天。回过头来
手机反映出我们的“社交饥渴症”。最为常见的是,一个人走着走着突然停下来,眼睛盯着手机屏幕发短信。他不在乎停在马路中央还是厕所旁边。
TheUnitedStatesisconsideredamultilingualcountrybutithasneveremployedanofficiallanguagepolicy.EventhoughEngl
AudienceofWritingAudienceisaveryimportantconceptforwriting.Youneedtoanalyzeyouraudienceintermsofthefoll
HowtoWriteaResearchReportAstandardformatwillhelpreaderstolocatetheinformationtheywantquickly.Itistruethat
A、Thewomanisapplyingforanewjob.B、Themanisfrightenedaboutthepresentation.C、Partoftheapplicantsisaskedtogive
随机试题
在Excel2003中,假设在B1单元格存储一公式“A$5”,将其复制到D1后,公式变为__________。()
锁骨中线是指
再障最理想的治疗是
某项目设计生产能力为100万吨。在达产年份,预计销售收入为4500万元,固定成本为800万元,可变成本为2450万元,均不含增值税,销售税金及附加为50万元,则下列说法正确的有()
与物流的其他职能有着密切联系,对提高物流运行的效率、推动物流合理化起着重要作用的是()。
一些产品的需求季节性很强,消费有很强的波动性,然而其生产却是均衡的。体现的是企业仓储管理的()功能。
采购市场调查是明确采购需求后针对采购对象的市场供应情况开展的调查工作,是为更好地制订采购计划而进行的系统的数据收集、分类和分析。要求根据项目的产品需求,利用多种调查方法,全面分析资源市场的情况,包括资源分布情况、供应商情况、品种质量、价格情况、交通运输情况
(2009上集管)信息系统的软件需求说明书是需求分析阶段最后的成果之一。______不是软件需求说明书应包含的内容。
通常定义话音信号的最高频率为(23);数字话音信号使用的采样频率为(24)。
Whichofthewords,AtoD,ismissingfromthebrackets?BEND(LOOPHOLE)LAIRHALT(……)LEAF
最新回复
(
0
)