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  3. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University, maintains that "genetics only determines

Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University, maintains that "genetics only determines

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问题     Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University, maintains that "genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than we’ve been going. " Yessis believes that U. S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are "running on their genetics". By applying more scientific methods, "they’re going to go much faster". These methods include strength training as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union. Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power—the rate at which an athlete can expend energy.
    Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. "Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements, " Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.
    Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. "If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country, " Yessis asserts, "they would be breaking records left and right. "
    One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes his performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newton’s laws to these motions, "we can say that this athlete’s run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off, " says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers. To date, however, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance.
    Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves. For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations. Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic equipment.
    In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human body. "Once you study athletics, you learn that it’s a vexing complex issue, " says John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. "Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher, faster, longer. So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is fundamental. We’ve got a long way to go, " For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be broken.
What is the contribution of plyometrics?
选项 A、Speeding up the rate of athletes’ metabolism.
B、Making clear specifications of physical exercises.
C、Perfecting the technique pioneered in breaking records
D、Helping runners develop strength and endurance.
答案D
解析 增强式训练有什么促进作用?加快运动员新陈代谢的速度。第一段最后一句说，尽管设计大多数体操以积蓄力量和耐力，但增加式训练着重提高生理机能，即运动员消耗体能的速度。
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