首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Fields and Branches of Anthropology Literal meaning of anthropology Bohannan: each science has its definition of human. —【
Fields and Branches of Anthropology Literal meaning of anthropology Bohannan: each science has its definition of human. —【
admin
2023-02-17
19
问题
Fields and Branches of Anthropology
Literal meaning of anthropology
Bohannan: each science has its definition of human.
—【L1】________: a human as a choice-making animal
—philosopher: a human as a rationalizing animal
—anthropology :【L2】________about human behavior
Image of anthropologists
—in films and TV shows: adventurers and heroes
—their work in reality: 【L3】________
Fields and branches of anthropology
Development of anthropology in Western civilization
—early Greek and Roman philosophers’ interest: 【L4】________
—the Age of Exploration leading to the study of 【L5】________
Two broad fields of anthropology
—【L6】________anthropology
—related subjects: anatomy, biology, etc.
—focus of study: evolution of human species
—ways of study: 【L7】________
—cultural anthropology
—focus of study: 【L8】________in human societies
—Kluckhohn’s book: 【L9】________, one of the best introductions to the field
—subfields: archaeology, 【L10】________and ethnography
—ethnography: description of human societies based on【L11】 _______
Psychological anthropology
—focus of study : human 【L12】________
Common features in all societies
Human biology
Existence of 【L13】________
Education
【L14】________for anthropology
Helping future planning
Helping 【L15】________
【L4】
Fields and Branches of Anthropology
Good morning, everyone. In today’s lecture, I’m going to talk about anthropology. It sounds a complicated word, right? You may want to know the origin of the word or anything about anthropology. Actually, the Greek word for " man " is " anthropos," and uh, to tell you the truth, the word anthropology has been in the English language for centuries. But just what does the word anthropology mean? Literally, anthropology means "the study of man. " As Paul Bohannan, who is a renowned anthropologist, pointed out a number of years ago, "Each science that deals with people has its own definitions of human.
An economist," he explains, " defines a human as a choice-making
animal. Philosophers define man as a rationalizing animal..." And then, how does anthropology define humans?
Well, anthropology attempts to be all-inclusive in the study of human behavior in all places and throughout time
. Anthropology specializes in the description of humanistic, scientific, biological, historical, psychological, and social views of humans.
To paraphrase Barbara Miller’s statement in her textbook Cultural Anthropology, the popular impression of anthropology is based mainly on movies and television shows that depict anthropologists as, ur, adventurers and heroes.
Well, some do have adventures and discover treasures in Egyptian tombs and elsewhere, but mostly, their work is, ur, less glamorous and involves rather repetitive and tedious activities
. Today, I’m not going into anthropologists’ adventures. What I’m going to do is to explain to you all the fields and branches of anthropology. Let’s begin by stating once again that anthropology is the study of human behavior in all places and at all times.
Western civilization takes credit for the development of anthropology, which, as a matter of fact, was a relatively late science.
Earlier Greek and Roman philosophers were more interested in speculating about the ideal society rather than describing those known to them
.
After the onset of the Age of Exploration, which included the discovery of the Americas, as well as travel to other distant places, the study of non-Western people began in earnest
. In modern day, anthropology is a recognized social science with two broad fields and several branches or subfields.
Okay. First, what are the two broad fields?
They are physical anthropology and cultural anthropology
. Let me give you a brief description of each. Physical anthropology is concerned with the development of man as a mammal. Related subjects are anatomy, biology and paleontology. Physical anthropologists study the evolution of the human species.
One way they do this is by examining the fossils of what were once living creatures and living primates
. Those include human beings. Common fossils are shells, bones and molds and imprints. These are found buried in the earth or permanently frozen in glaciers. Living primates are analyzed in order to study the mechanics of evolution and genetic differences among human populations.
Ok. Next, let’s talk about cultural anthropology.
This field is the study of learned behavior in human societies
. Most cultural anthropologists will limit themselves to a few geographic areas, for example, Margaret Mead in Samoa and New Guinea, and Clyde Kluckhohn, with the Navajo Indians in the southwestern United States.
I should mention that Kluckhohn’s work, which is Mirror for Man, is considered one of the best introductions to anthropology
. Cultural anthropology and the scientific study of human culture will be discussed in more detail in our next lecture.
Today we just take a brief look at the subfields of cultural anthropology. They are archaeology, linguistics, and ethnography
.
So, what is archaeology? It is the study of different cultures through material sources, through historical objects that still remain today rather than direct interviews or observations of the group under study. One famous example of archaeological study is King Tut’s Tomb near Luxor, Egypt, which was discovered in 1922.
Another subfield of cultural anthropology is linguistics, as I said just now. As you probably know, linguistics is the study of language as communication among humans. Culture is learned and transmitted primarily through language.
And ethnography, a subfield of cultural anthropology, is, on the whole, the systematic description of human societies, mostly based on gathering the firsthand information about something in a real, natural environment rather than inner place study, such as a laboratory or classroom
. Based on ethnographies, anthropologists can provide explanations of the behavior of different peoples.
Let me also mention very briefly psychological anthropology, which deals with human personality and feelings
. These are greatly influenced by an individual’s biological and mental characteristics as well as physical surroundings and personal experiences. Related subjects are psychology and psychiatry.
And it is important to note that there are several universal features common among all societies, for example, the basic similarities in human biology and the existence of two sexes
. Another of these universal features is education—either formal or informal, or both. Education is necessary to provide the young with the skills and attitudes needed to carry on as adults.
So, you might ask, what are the practical applications for such a broad field of anthropology?
The answer is that anthropology helps us plan the future and helps us contribute to the solution of human problems
. You know the newest area of the study of man is applied anthropology. Formerly, anthropology was limited to the academic field, and most anthropologists were teachers or museum curators. But for the past several decades, large numbers of " anthro" graduates have been employed in other fields, such as urban planning and administration, health care, and international development. This shows that anthropology is not just an academic discipline, it has social and practical applications.
Okay, to wrap up, we have briefly talked about the definition, development, and the fields and branches of anthropology. I hope after today’s lecture, you will understand that anthropology is not a scholarly field only. What’s more important is that although anthropologists have taken up the task of recording the processes and changes of cultures past and present, they also provide the necessary insights into where the human species is heading.
选项
答案
the ideal society
解析
细节辨认题。句[4]提到,早期的希腊和罗马哲学家对猜测理想社会而不是描述他们所熟知的社会更感兴趣,因此答案为the ideal society。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/cwcD777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
MartezaHasanifledAfghanistanin2005whenhewassixyearsold.Duringthewarthere,hefoundhisfather’sbody,infrontof
TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehind
Peoplehavespeculatedforcenturiesaboutafuturewithoutwork.Todayisnodifferent,withacademics,writers,andactivists
Peoplehavespeculatedforcenturiesaboutafuturewithoutwork.Todayisnodifferent,withacademics,writers,andactivists
[A]Forcrowdfundingtowork,theprojectneedstocapturethepublicimagination.Andnotallacademicsarecomfortablewith
阅读以下关于数据库缓存的叙述,在答题纸上回答问题。【说明】某互联网文化发展公司因业务发展,需要建立网上社区平台,为用户提供一个对网络文化产品(如互联网小说、电影、漫画等)进行评论、交流的平台。该平台的部分功能如下:(a)用户帖子的评论计数器;(b)
请编写函数fun(),其功能是给定一个整数n(n<10000),如果n加上100后是一个完全平方数(所谓"完全平方数",就是开方后的结果是整数的数),并且n加上268也是一个完全平方数,则函数值返回1,否则返回0。注意:部分源程序在文件progl
人民对美好生活的向往,就是我们的奋斗目标全党同志的重托,全国各族人民的期望,是对我们做好工作的巨大鼓舞,也是我们肩上的重大责任。这个重大责任,就是对民族的责任。我们的民族是伟大的民族。在五千多年的文明发展历程中,中华民族为人类文明进步作出了不可磨
Whichpassage(s)say(s)that….adultsputtoomuchemphasisonchildren’sintellectualdevelopment?
Mostpeoplehavehadadogorwantedoneastheircompanionatsometimeintheirlives.Ifyouarethinkingofbuyingadog,ho
随机试题
县级以上城市人民政府城市规划行政主管部门负责本行政区域内建设项目选址和布局的规划管理工作。城市规划行政主管部门在这项工作中,下列说法哪项是不准确?()
[背景资料]某市准备建设一座图书馆工程,建筑面积为8000m2,预计投资约1200万元,建设工期为12个月,工程采用公开招标方式确定承包商。建设单位为节约开支,决定自行招标,并向当地的建设行政主管部门提出招标申请,得到批准,建设单位依照法定程序进行公开
欺诈客户行为包括()。
王某某在集市上收购烟叶,因此王某某为烟叶税的纳税人。()
下列各项中,免征车船税的是()。
示范和领操的形式有_______、_______、_______、_______。
或许有人会认为人口多是环境资源压力的主要来源,可以说30年前我国开始实行计划生育的时候的确是这样,但是现在情况已经发生了改变。当前造成我国资源环境主要压力的已经不再是人口曾长,而是传统的经济增长方式。从现在看来,我们已经有足够的能力和办法来协调人口发展与资
藏羚羊是中国国家一级保护动物,主要分布在西藏、青海、新疆西部80多万平方公里的高寒荒漠地区,其中80%的区域在西藏羌塘境内。自20世纪80年代开始,由于受国际藏羚绒制品消费和非法贸易利益的驱使,青藏高原上的藏羚羊遭受了盗猎分子的大肆猎杀,种群数量急剧下降。
以下不属于英美法系特点的是:
Marywasinalatherwhensheheardthatshewouldbetransferredtoanotherdepartment.Theunderlinedpartmeans______.
最新回复
(
0
)