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  3. The basic problem of an economic society is to allocate resources among the members of the society so as to maximize the welfare

The basic problem of an economic society is to allocate resources among the members of the society so as to maximize the welfare

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问题     The basic problem of an economic society is to allocate resources among the members of the society so as to maximize the welfare of the society as a whole.【R1】______But what is the mechanism which seeks to achieve this objective? In a planned economy the central planning agency develops plans for allocating resources.【R2】______That is, prices furnish the guideposts that indicate how resources should be used. Prices determine what products and services should be produced and in what amounts.【R3】______And prices determine for whom the products and services should be produced.
    Thus, prices affect incomes and spending behaviour.【R4】______For the consumer with a given income level, prices influence what to buy and how much of each product to buy.
    Price changes also play a major role in a market economy.【R5】______If costs remain the same per unit sold, the higher price leads to greater profits and an incentive to invest in resources to produce even greater quantities of the product.【R6】______In addition, higher prices may also stimulate a greater rate of innovation and the development of new technology. On the other hand, if available supply is greater than demand there are pressures to decrease prices and reduce output.【R7】______Thus, rising prices direct resources to the bidder of greatest desire(stimulating supply), and rising prices curtail demands of the least urgent bidders(rationing supply). 【R8】______
    A. Prices determine how these products and services should be produced.
    B. In a market economy the price system allocates resources.
    C. For business people, profits are determined by the difference between their revenues and their costs; and their revenues are determined by multiplying price per unit sold by the number of units sold.
    D. Thus, the producers are able to bid more for raw material resources, thereby directing these resources into that industry.
    E. Declining prices have the opposite effects.
    F. When demand for a product or service is greater than the supply available, buyers bid the price up.
    G To achieve this welfare objective each resource should be used to perform the function that it contributes most efficiently to society.
    H. These pressures lead producers to convert their resources to alternative uses.
【R4】
选项
答案C
解析 第2段开头提到，价格影响收入和消费行为。句C：“对商人而言，利润是由收入和成本之间的差别决定的：收入是用单位产品的价格乘以销售产品的数量。”这是对文章开头第1句话的具体说明，因此选C。
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