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  3. There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, television and video games are

There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, television and video games are

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问题     There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment.
    Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U. S. National Academy of Sciences listed "biological, individual, family, peer, school, and community factors" as all playing their parts.
    Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality. Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: " At this time, well over 1,000 studies...point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.
    Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said) . When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out "the most doubtful measures of aggression", only 28% supported a connection.
    The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read "aggressive" or "non-aggressive" words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.
    Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.  
What is the skeptics’ (Line 3, Paragraph 3) view of media violence?
选项 A、Violence on television is a fairly accurate reflection of real-world life.
B、Most studies exaggerate the effect of media violence on the viewers.
C、A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence.
D、The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated.
答案B
解析 推理判断题。第三段提到，观看极其大量暴力内容的电视和录像可能导致某些人的暴力行为。问题来自于研究人员低估了研究中的不确定性或夸大其中的因果关系。怀疑论者早在多年前美国医学会等社会团体发表联合声明时就感到灰心了，声明说超过一千项研究指出对儿童而言媒体暴力和攻击行为之间存在极强的因果关系。由此推测，怀疑论者的观点认为这些研究夸大了媒体暴力与暴力行为之间的因果关系，换句话说夸大了媒体暴力对观看者的影响，四个选项中只有[B]项符合这个观点。
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