首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Towards the end of Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman laments that he and his late collaborator, Amos Tversky, are often c
Towards the end of Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman laments that he and his late collaborator, Amos Tversky, are often c
admin
2015-07-27
50
问题
Towards the end of Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman laments that he and his late collaborator, Amos Tversky, are often credited with showing that humans make "irrational" choices. That term is too strong, he says, to describe the variety of mental mishaps to which people systematically fall prey. Readers of his book may disagree. Mr. Kahneman, an Israeli-American psychologist and Nobel economics laureate, has delivered a full catalogue of the biases, shortcuts and cognitive illusions to which our species regularly succumbs. In doing so he makes it plain that Homo economicus — the rational model of human behaviour beloved of economists — is as fantastical as a unicorn.
In one experiment described by Mr. Kahneman, participants asked to imagine that they have been given £50 behave differently depending on whether they are then told they can "keep" £20 or must "lose" £30 — though the outcomes are identical. He also shows that it is more threatening to say that a disease kills "1,286 in every 10,000 people", than to say it kills "24.14% of the population", even though the second mention is twice as deadly. Vivid language often overrides basic arithmetic.
Some findings are downright peculiar. Experimental subjects who have been "primed" to think of money, perhaps by seeing a picture of dollar bills, will act more selfishly. So if someone nearby drops some pencils, these subjects will pick up fewer than their non-primed counterparts. Even obliquely suggesting the concept of old age will inspire people to walk more slowly — though feeling elderly never crossed their mind, they will later report.
After all this the human brain looks less like a model of rationality and more like a giddy teenager: flighty, easily distracted and lacking in self-awareness. Yet this book is not a counsel of despair. Its awkward title refers to Mr. Kahneman’s two-tier model of cognition: "System 1" is quick, intuitive and responsible for the quirks and mistakes described above (and many others). "System 2", by contrast, i$ slow, deliberative and less prone to error. System 2 kicks in when we are faced with particularly complex problems, but much of the time it is all too happy to let the impulsive System 1 get its way.
What, then, is System 1 good for? Rather a lot, it turns out. In a world that often demands swift judgment and rapid decision-making (fight or flight?), a creature who solely relied on deliberative thinking wouldn’t last long. Moreover, System 1 generally works well. As Mr. Kahneman says, "most of our judgments and actions are appropriate most of the time". He urges readers to counteract what he considers to be mistakes of System 1 thinking, such as the "loss aversion" that deters people from accepting favourable gambles (such as a 50-50 chance to win $200 or lose $100). He also recommends checking the performance of an investment portfolio no more than once a quarter, to limit needless anguish over short-term fluctuations and the "useless churning" of shares.
Mr. Kahneman does not dwell on the possible evolutionary origins of our cognitive biases, nor does he devote much time to considering why some people seem naturally better at avoiding error than others. Still this book, his first for a non-specialist audience, is a profound one. As Copernicus removed the Earth from the centre of the universe and Darwin knocked humans off their biological perch, Mr. Kahneman has shown that we are not the paragons of reason we assume ourselves to be. Often hailed as the father of behavioural economics (with Tversky as co-parent), his work has influenced a range of disciplines and has even inspired some policy. But the true consequences of his findings are only starting to emerge. When he presents the poor victims of his experiments with conclusive proof of their errors, the typical reaction is not a chastened pledge to shape up, but confused silence, followed by business as usual. No one likes to be told he is wrong.
What does Kahneman, the author of the book, share in common with Copernicus and Darwin?
选项
A、They try to overrule a deep-rooted concept.
B、They undergo research to come to conclusion.
C、They prove natural and social sciences are related.
D、They explain complex theories in a simple way.
答案
A
解析
推理判断题。文章最后一段提到哥白尼挑战了地球是宇宙中心的理论,达尔文挑战了人为中心的世界观,而本书作者试图推翻理性人类的观点,所以他们之间的共同之处在于他们都在试图推翻一些根深蒂固的观点,所以[A]是答案。哥白尼和达尔文研究的属于自然科学范畴,而卡尼曼研究的是人类本身,属于人文科学范畴,他们并没能证明社会和自然科学的关联性,所以[C]错误。虽然最后一段提到本书的目标读者是非专业人士,但不能推断他们都用简单的方法解释了复杂理论,[D]错误。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/erOO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
______issouthern-mostcapitalcityintheworld.
Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothinglessthanatrueversionofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe
Accordingtolegend,theancientOlympicGameswerefoundedbyHeracles,asonofZeus.YetthefirstOlympicGamesforwhich
TheNewDealwasadvancedbyPresident
WhichofthefollowingisNOTwrittenbyWilliamShakespeare?
WhendidPresidentNixonvisitChina?
Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanygreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthequestion,itwi
EffectiveAssignmentsUsingLibraryandInternetResourcesAwell-designedassignmentcanteachstudentsvaluableresearchskill
Wheredopesticidesfitintothepictureofenvironmentaldisease?Wehaveseenthattheynowpollutesoil,waterandfood,that
Whichfilmwonthebestpictureatthe84thOscarawards?
随机试题
论述离婚与无效婚及可撤销婚的区别。
小儿风热咳嗽治疗宜用
根据《消防给水及消火栓系统技术规范》(GB50974—2014)的规定,室内消火栓系统管网安装完成后,对其进行水压试验和冲洗的正确的顺序是()。
2004年5月,中国证监会正式批准深圳证券交易所设立()。
对关联企业或有密切关系的主要客户的交易事项,注册会计师所作的专门核查的内容包括()。
能够作为记账凭证编制依据的必须是()的原始凭证和有关物料。
根据以下资料。回答以下题。2008年上半年,全社会固定资产投资68402亿元,同比增长26.3%。其中,城镇固定资产投资58436亿元,增长26.8%;农村投资9966亿元,增长23.2%。在城镇投资中,国有及国有控股投资23554亿元,同比增长1
现代社会中,人们是在相对统一的时间里交往活动,这有利于节约社会成本,提高社会效率,推动社会发展。但全社会的“步调一致”容易导致交通的堵塞,由此引发的一系列社会问题不容忽视。从另一方面来看,人们的需要、社会发展的需求,又对作息时间提出了不同的要求。但作息时间
Thisbook,CychgeographybyJonDay,tacklestwoneeds,onerelativelyunder-addressed,andtheotherwellcateredfor:【F1】the
"Ofalltheginjointsinallthetownsinalltheworld,shewalksintomine."It’saclassicquotefromthefilmCasablanca,b
最新回复
(
0
)