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In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcem

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问题     In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms ’stimulus’, ’response’ and ’reinforcement’ were introduced. In an educational setting, these (1)_____ could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an (2)_____, or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil (3)_____ in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The teacher’s first action is called the (4)_____. The pupil’s action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is (5)_____ the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is (6)_____, the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcement is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond is weakened, and reinforcement is (7)_____
    Some psychologists laid great (8)_____ on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They (9)_____ that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respond. (10)_____, if his homework is not marked regularly, he will stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teacher’s questions are (11)_____ or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any.
    Educational psychologists are, (12)_____, moving away from this simple, early (13)_____ of the basic learning process. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen to be more (14)_____ than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively (15)_____ the stimulus-response bond. It may (16)_____ confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, (17)_____ misunderstandings and show how well or badly different parts of the material have been learned. Thus (18)_____ may have the effect of increasing the learner’s confidence, backing up his previously (19)_____ knowledge, and showing him which items he has not (20)_____ grasped.

选项 A、Above all
B、In a word
C、As a result
D、For example
答案D
解析 逻辑衔接题。本句前一句指出：他们认为，如果学习者不被告知自己的反应结果，他可能不会继续做出反应。接下来本句中指出：如果他的作业不被定期批改，他就会停止做作业。显然，后一句是对前项内容的具体解释，这里是举例说明，因此适合使用for example。above all意为"首先，尤其"，如：Above all，I love Tchaikovsky.(首先，我喜欢柴可夫斯基)。in a word意为"总之"，如：In a word，her condition is greatly improved．(总之，她的健康状况大为好转)。as a result意为"结果"，如：Mr. Foster has never been to China．As a result he knows very little about it(福斯特先生从未去过中国，所以对中国了解得很少)。
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