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  3. Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they

Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they

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问题     Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machine’s "intelligence" on the details of its own perceptions—its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal-minded, and simple-minded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simplemindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.
    Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrod-inger equation(薛定谔方程)for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic di-pole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field, theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.
    Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians’ literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists’ theoretical assumptions, that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context—what happens if the axioms are relaxed? —is thereby ignored.
    The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.
The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that______.
选项 A、some factors in most situations must remain unknown
B、changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments
C、well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments
D、mathematical solutions can rarely be applied to real problems
答案A
解析 根据本题题干中的“healthy skepticism”可将本题的答案信息确定在第二段的尾句，该句中的指代词“this”暗示本题的真正答案信息来源在第二段的倒数第二句，阅读和理解倒数第二段的第二句话可知强调“invisible”的选项A是本题的正确选项，因为该选项中含有“unknown”一词。
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