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  3. In the United States in the early 1800’s, individual state governments had more effect on the economy than did the federal gover

In the United States in the early 1800’s, individual state governments had more effect on the economy than did the federal gover

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问题     In the United States in the early 1800’s, individual state governments had more effect on the economy than did the federal government. States chartered (批准,发执照) manufacturing, banking, mining, and transportation firms and participated in the construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes (收税公路) , and railroads. The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways: first, by actually establishing state companies to build such improvements; second, by providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit.
    In the early nineteenth century, state governments also engaged in a surprisingly large amount of direct regulatory activity, including extensive licensing and inspection programs. Licensing targets reflected both similarities in and differences between the economy of the nineteenth century and that of today: in the nineteenth century, state regulation through licensing fell especially on peddlers, innkeepers, and retail merchants of various kinds. The perishable (易坏的) commodities of trade generally came under state inspection, and such important frontier staples as lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control. Finally, state governments experimented with direct labor and business regulation designed to help the individual laborer or consumer, including setting maximum limits on hours of work and restrictions on price-fixing by businesses.
    Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation (方便条件) of western settlement and the development of native industries. Toward these ends the federal government pursued several courses of action. It established a national bank to stabilize banking activities in the country and, in part, to provide a supply of relatively easy money to the frontier, where it was greatly needed for settlement. It permitted access to public western lands on increasingly easy terms, culminating (到达极点) in the Homestead Act of 1862, by which title the land could be claimed on the basis of residence alone. Finally, it set up a system of tariffs (关税) that was basically protectionist in effect, although maneuvering for position by various regional interests produced frequent changes in tariff rates throughout the nineteenth century.
The regulatory activities of state governments included all of the following EXCEPT______.
选项 A、licensing of retail merchants
B、inspecting materials used in turnpike maintenance
C、imposing limits on price-fixing
D、controlling of lumber
答案B
解析 本题是一道具体细节题。问州政府的调控行为不包括以下哪一项。文章第二段指出，在19世纪初期，州政府也令人吃惊地参与大量的直接管理调控活动，包括大量的签发营业执照和检查各种项目。在19世纪，州政府通过签发营业执照来管理小摊贩、旅店主和各种各样的零售商人。而州政府主要检查易坏的商品和一些重要的边疆地区的土产如木材，还检查控制火药。最后，州政府还直接调控劳资双方的矛盾，以帮助个体劳动者和个体消费者，包括限定每周的最多工作时间和控制商业中的价格欺诈和垄断等。因此，本题的正确答案应是B“检查维修收费公路的材料”不属于州政府的管理范围内。
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