首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The Morality Test A) From cancer to Alzheimer’s (早老性痴呆病) to diabetes, advances in genetic science mean that many of us are s
The Morality Test A) From cancer to Alzheimer’s (早老性痴呆病) to diabetes, advances in genetic science mean that many of us are s
admin
2022-08-28
14
问题
The Morality Test
A) From cancer to Alzheimer’s (早老性痴呆病) to diabetes, advances in genetic science mean that many of us are soon going to know—or at least have the option to know— more about our risks for a wide range of illnesses than we’d ever thought possible. On the surface, that sounds like a good thing, and it is in many respects. But while knowledge may be power, genetic testing also brings with it tremendous physical and psychological collapse.
B) In the past two decades, the number of genetic tests available has jumped from a few hundred to nearly 3,000. Rebecca Nagy, president of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC), recalls that when she entered the field 15 years ago, it took a year to get the results of a BRCA (乳癌) test. Today, you get them back in a week or two.
C) As the cost of testing declines, says Lawrence Brody, an investigator with the National Institutes of Human Genome (基因组) Research Institute. Medicine is moving toward "multiplex testing for lots of things at once". We’re at the point, he explains, where sequencing a person’s entire exome (外显子组) can be done for somewhere in the neighborhood of $1,000." Whereas before it would have been really bizarre to have someone’s entire genome sequenced because it cost about the same as the GDP of several small countries. With exome sequencing, a patient may go in with questions about his prostate (前列腺) and come out with a report showing increased risks for everything from bloodclots (凝块) to kidney disease.
D) Such data points are known as "incidental findings", and they are at the heart of the hottest ethical debate now prevailing in the field, says Nagy. "What results do you disclose to someone and what results do you withhold? And do you give patients that choice?" One commonly cited example: what happens when a toddler’s exome is sequenced to determine the cause of a developmental delay and the lab discovers that the child has the BRCA1 mutation (变异) ? Should the lab withhold that information?
E) Nagy explains that "a basic principle of genetics is that patients should have autonomy"—meaning the right to choose what they do and do not want to know. But the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics issued a statement contending that, in the case of certain specific harmful and active genes, doctors have an ethical obligation to alert patients to the discovered risks. Balancing this "duty to warn" with an individual’s right to autonomy is tricky enough on its own. But there are other complicating factors to consider. What if disorders are likely to impact other family members? And what about all the mutations that will pop up but that we don’t yet understand? "The menu is probably more vast in terms of what you can look at than people are prepared for, and the results will contain more uncertainty than people are prepared for."
F) Social worker Katie Berry has a front-row view of all the issues that this new medical landscape is raising. Through Columbia Presbyterian Hospital in New York, Berry counsels men and women at high risk for Huntington’s (亨廷顿症), an inherited neurodegenerative disorder (退行性神经紊乱) that typically appears in midlife with some brutal combination of physical, cognitive, and psychiatric decline. A person with the Huntington’s gene can expect to get sick at some point down the road. There is no cure and, unlike with breast cancer, no preventive measures beyond maximizing general health with the aim of delaying onset.
G) Berry works solely with individuals not yet experiencing symptoms. Some have already been gene-tested. Others know that the disease runs in their family and are hesitating about whether to get tested—and when. With no preventive options available for Huntington’s, the question of when to test is often dictated by looming decisions about marriage or parenthood. Most of the patients who come to Berry are in their 30s or early 40s. "People who are in their teens and early 20s tend not to be thinking about these things," she explains. "There’s a level of denial in very young adults."
H) But as people start pairing up and settling down, the stakes of not knowing get higher. (People with the Huntington’s gene have a 50 percent chance of passing it to a child.) "They know there is this sword of Damocles hanging over their heads," says Berry. But until the test is done, they can cling to the hope that they escaped the genetic bullet. "They think, ’It’s possible I’ll never get it. It’s possible I can continue to live the life I’m living now,’" she says. "Knowing creates a whole other reality—a hugely different reality."
I) Indeed, the news that one’s genome contains a potential time bomb presents numerous, extremely painful psychological hurdles. Breaking the news to family can be a particularly rough part of the process, and not simply because of the heartbreak it brings loved ones. Learning that a family member has a particular mutation can suddenly force brothers and sisters, children and parents to confront unsettling questions about their own genes—questions that many people would prefer not to have raised at all.
J) To facilitate sharing, medical facilities are increasingly providing aid and guidance. Visvanathan’s clinic invites patients to have family come in and talk with the staff. "We try to take some of that burden," she explains. Hospitals at places like Georgetown University and the University of Pennsylvania often provide patients with letter templates tailored specifically toward informing family.
K) Then there’s the long-term challenge of living with a genetic ghost hiding in the background. At times, the anxiety can cause great damage, says Berry. "People talk frequently about how they go through periods—and I suspect it’s true of anyone who faces a chronic illness or potentially fatal disease—periods that last days, weeks, months, or even years when there’s a hyper-alertness about the body." Every twitch, twinge, or tickle spurs a raw terror that the illness has begun to take hold. "People say they’re convinced they have the disease even though there’s nothing obviously symptomatic about them," Berry says.
L) For the medical community, addressing these challenges will mean changing medical-school curricula and investing in continuing education. "It means us going out to physicians’ offices and helping them understand when it’s appropriate to refer a person to a genetic counselor," Nagy says. "It’s making them feel comfortable that, once referred, their patients will come back to them for ongoing care."
M) Much more broadly, the general public is increasingly going to need a grasp of genetic basics to better manage their health, says Visvanathan. "Maybe the genetic aspects of health need to be brought into schools," she says. "Informing people at a young age would be helpful." Where and when this education should take place is, in fact, already under discussion. "I was at a conference last year in Boston where people were talking about how to educate elementary school kids," Nagy recalls.
N) Equally important, there will be a need for more organizations to do the simple work of linking those facing similarly cloudy futures to one another. Having a support network of others who understand the fears, thoughts, medical peculiarities, and even the language of your disorder makes a huge difference, says Berry. "You see a positive effect when people realize that they are not journeying alone." In some cases, just having a regular chance to vent provides a measure of relief. "We have heard from patients that they love the support group because it allows them to gather all that negative energy, worry, and anxiety and spew it out in a one- or two-hour period," she says. "Then the rest of the month they don’t have to think about it so much." But the anxiety never fades entirely, says Berry. "It’s always present, always niggling."
O) Such is the burden of knowledge—and, more specifically, foreknowledge. It is a burden more and more of us are going to have to decide whether to assume and one that our medical system is just beginning to learn how to help us shoulder. "This really is a slightly different pattern for medicine," says Brody. "It’s going to take a lot of work."
According to Lawrence Brody, people can do tests with various complicated items at once in hospitals now since it costs much less to do them.
选项
答案
C
解析
题干意为,根据劳伦斯.布罗迪的看法,由于现在做测试的花销大大降低,人们能够在医院里即刻完成对多项复杂内容的检测。根据题干中的关键词Lawrence Brody可定位到C段。该段首句提到,劳伦斯.布罗迪认为随着测试成本的下降,医学界正在朝着“即刻完成众多项目的复杂检测”的方向发展。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故选C。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/i7x7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
A、Toliveamorecomfortablelife.B、Togiveperformances.C、Tobeapupilofafamousviolinist.D、Toenterafamousuniversity
A、805miles.B、1,000miles.C、1,305miles.D、1,500miles.C四个选项都是数字,可猜测题目问的可能与男士使用的里程数有关。根据录音,本来有2,805miles,花了2,000miles换餐券,使用
A、Itshouldhavemorethantwopages.B、Itshouldbedesignedtolookwonderful.C、Relevantinformationtheemployerneedsshoul
A、Membershipinafoodco-op.B、Thebenefitsofhealthfood.C、Shoppinginthesupermarket.D、Thecurrentcostoffood.A对话开门见山地
A、Itscreatorpublishedshortstoriesinnewspapersforyears.B、Itspreadacrossthecountrywiththecommonname.C、Manypeopl
A、Itenhancesone’smemory.B、Itlowersone’sspeedoflearning.C、Itdeepensthedifficultyoflearning.D、Itmakesreadingmor
A、Hedidn’tthinkitwasveryspecial.B、Hedidn’tthinkitwasinexpensive.C、Hedidn’tthinkitwasnecessary.D、Hedidn’tthi
A、Hemadealargefortunefromhisfiction.B、HecreatedthecommercialmagazineinAmerica.C、Hedeliveredalotoflecturesal
刺绣刺绣(embroidery)是中国优秀的民族传统工艺之一。它是以绣针引彩线,按照设计的花样,在丝绸或布帛上绣上各种漂亮、精美的图案或文字的工艺。刺绣的运针手法五花八门,各具特色。刺绣物品可以用于生活和艺术装饰,比如服装、床上用品(beddi
中央电视台总部大楼位于北京市朝阳区,总建筑面积约55万平方米。主楼由两座塔楼组成,因其独特的造型,成为这座城市的一个热门景点,每天都吸引众多游客前来参观。大楼的创新结构是中外建筑师长期合作的成果,不仅体现了环保意识,而且大大节约了建筑材料。中央电视台总部设
随机试题
A.SSBB.DnaB蛋白C.DNApolⅠD.DnaG蛋白(2011年第130题)具有催化短链RNA分子合成能力的蛋白质是
有关开放性创伤的处理原则中,下列哪项是正确的
随着家庭成员年年龄的增大,叶先生急需为自己的家庭作一个理财计划,假如你接到了这个客户的要求,经过初步沟通面谈后,获得了以下家庭、职业与财务信息:一、家庭成员状况四、保险情况叶先生和叶太太拥有社保,儿子叶明保额为2万元的寿险。五、理财目标1.为儿
简述教育评价的功能。
下列算法中,可用于报文认证的是___________(42),可以提供数字签名的是___________(43)。(42)
某校园网采用RIPvl路由协议,通过一台Cisco路由器R1互连2个子网,地址分别为213.33.56.0和213.33.56.128,掩码为255.255.255.128,并要求过滤g0/1接口输出的路由更新信息。那么R1正确的路由协议配置是()
为了读取数据,需打开顺序文件"D:\data5.txt",以下正确的命令是
在长度为n的有序线性表中进行二分查找,最坏情况下需要比较的次数是
计算机病毒是指“能够侵入计算机系统并在计算机系统中潜伏、传播,破坏系统正常工作的一种具有繁殖能力的()”。
Whatisthepriceforeachticket?
最新回复
(
0
)