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  3. Although there are body languages that can cross cultural boundaries, culture is still a significant factor in all body language

Although there are body languages that can cross cultural boundaries, culture is still a significant factor in all body language

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问题     Although there are body languages that can cross cultural boundaries, culture is still a significant factor in all body languages. This is particularly true of personal space needs. For example, Dr. Edward Hall has shown that in Japan crowding together is a sign of warm and pleasant intimacy. In certain situations, Hall believes that the Japanese prefer crowding.
    Donald Keene, who wrote Living Japan, notes the fact that in the Japanese language there is no word for privacy. Still this does not mean there is no concept of the need to be apart from others. To the Japanese, privacy exists in terms of his house. He considers this area as his own, and he dislikes invasion of it. The fact that he crowds together with others does not contradict his needs for living space.
    Dr. Hall sees this as a reflection of the Japanese concept of space. Westerners, he believed, see space as the distance between objects; to them space is empty. The Japanese, on the other hand, see space as having as much meaning as their flower arrangement and art, and the shape of their gardens as well, where units of space balance the areas containing flowers or plants.
    Like the Japanese, the Arabs too prefer to be close to one another. But while in public they are crowded together, in privacy, they prefer a great deal of space. The traditional or wealthy Arab house is large and empty, with family often crowded together in one small area of it. The Arabs do not like to be alone, and even in their spacious houses they will huddle together. The difference between the Arab huddling and the Japanese crowding is a deep thing. The Arabs like to touch his companion. The Japanese, in their closeness, preserve a formality and a cool dignity. They manage to touch and still keep rigid boundaries. The Arabs push these boundaries aside.
    Along with this closeness, there is a pushing and shoving in the Arab world that many Westerners find uncomfortable, even unpleasant. To an American, for example, there are personal boundaries even in a public place. When he is waiting in line, he believes that his place there is his alone, and may not be invaded by another. The Arab has no concept of privacy in a public place, and if he can push his way into a line, he feels perfectly within his rights to do so. To an American, the body is sacred; he dislikes being touched by a stranger, and will apologize if he touches another accidentally. To an Arab, bodily contact is accepted.
    Hall points out that an Arab needs at times to be alone, no matter how close he wishes to be, physically, to his fellow men. To be alone, he simply cuts off the lines of communication. He retreats into himself, mentally and spiritually, and this withdrawal is respected by his companions. If an American were with an Arab who withdrew in this way, he would regard it as impolite, as lack of respect, even as an insult.
According to Dr. Edward Hall, ________.
选项 A、the Japanese prefer crowding to privacy most of the time
B、space doesn’t mean emptiness in the eyes of the Japanese
C、the Japanese dislikes invasion of privacy in his house
D、the American requires more space than the Japanese
答案B
解析 根据题干中的DL Edward Hall可以定位到第三段。文章第三段的第二句话和第三句话提到，西方人认为空间等于空无一物(emptiness)，是指物体间的距离，而日本人则不这样认为。选项B在日本人眼中，空间并不等同于空荡无物 (emptiness)，二者属于相同含义，是正确答案。选项A来自文章第一段的最后一句，但是原文中用的是In certain situations，即在某些情况下，而不是选项A中的多数情况下(most of the time)，选项A属于扩大范围。选项C“日本人在自己家里时不喜欢别人侵犯隐私”，可以定位到文章第二段的第三句和第四句，但这两句话是唐纳德.基恩的看法。而不是爱德华.荷尔的观点，属于偷换概念。选项D“美国人比日本人需要更多的空间”，原文中并没有对此进行比较，属于主观推导。本题关键词是The Arabs和the Japanese，问题是：阿拉伯人和日本人有何不同之处?可以定位到原文第四段和第六段。
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