首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately
admin
2012-10-20
54
问题
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logic nature — those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable of error-free logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the last two decades research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA (Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.
AURA solves a problem by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. Program does not learn, nor is it self-analytical, but it reaches logical conclusions flawlessly. It used various types of reasoning and, more important, has access to very powerful and sophisticated logical strategies. AURA seldom relies on brute force to find solutions. Instead it solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction. One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For example, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the system’s design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactor’s design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy, known as the set of support strategy, lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem. Almost never does the program proceed by carrying out an exhaustive search.
The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist "expert systems" that include a component for reasoning. An expert system is a special purpose program designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert programs, unlike human experts, do not die. Such systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be replicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.
Will the computer replace the human being? Certainly not. It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce — that is, design more clever computer programs and more efficient, more useful components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem, and redirect their attack on a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Their impact will be felt in design, manufacturing, law, medicine, and other areas. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas. These ideas will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an area of applying AURA?
选项
A、Electronic engineering.
B、Nuclear engineering.
C、Mathematic and formal logic.
D、Medical diagnosis.
答案
C
解析
由第三段第一句的electronic circuit design validation、第二段的后半部分以及第三段第三句的medical diagnosis可知,AURA已经应用于电子工程、核工业以及医疗诊断,即文中提到了[A]、[B]、[D]三项。文中并没有提到AURA在数学和形式逻辑方面的应用,故答案为[C]。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/k9hK777K
0
专业英语四级
相关试题推荐
Wherewasthefirsttelephoneservicein,Americaestablished?
Whatistheconversationmainlyabout?
Nowadays,Internetenablesustoknowthingshappenalmostattheexactmoment
Whatistheprofessormainlydiscussing?
Theeffectofthebabyboomontheschoolshelpedtomakepossibleashiftinthinkingabouttheroleofpubliceducationinthe
TheNationalTrustinBritain,togetherwithsimilarvoluntaryorganizations,playsanincreasinglyimportantpartinthepreser
______youropinionsareworthconsidering,thecommitteefindsitunwisetoplacetoomuchimportanceonthem.
Madewasatall,handsome22-year-oldBalinesemanwhowasinlovewithonegirlbutexpectedtomarryanother.Hisstepmotherh
Incontrasttologic,thereiscommonsense,orstillbetter,theSpiritofReasonableness.IthinkoftheSpiritofReasonablen
ItisacknowledgedthatthemodernmusicalshowisAmerica’smostoriginalanddynamiccontributiontowardtheater.Inthelast
随机试题
薪酬管理的原则包括()
解释下列括号内的词语:千里澄江似练,翠峰如(簇)。
王某,女,56岁,反复腹大胀满4年。现腹大胀满,入暮尤甚,脘闷纳呆,面色萎黄,神倦怯寒,肢冷浮肿,腰膝酸软,小便不利,大便溏薄。舌淡胖,苔白腻,脉沉细无力。查体:腹部触诊见肝区压痛,叩诊有移动性浊音。宜辨证
患者,女性,36岁。阑尾炎切除术后3天肠蠕动仍未恢复,为减轻腹胀,最简单、有效的措施是
下列业务不得抵扣进项税的有()。
信用产生于货币作为()职能。
使用______发布的广告不属于网络广告。
计算机病毒是指“能够侵入计算机系统并在计算机系统中潜伏、传播、破坏系统正常工作的一种具有繁殖能力的()”。
硬盘的一个主要性能指标是容量,硬盘容量的计算公式为
Rockclimbingisanactivityinwhichparticipantsclimbup,downoracrossnaturalrockformationsorartificialrockwalls.Th
最新回复
(
0
)