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  3. In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y

In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y

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问题     In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively【C1】________work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
    In any case, despite so much evidence to the【C2】________, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe,【C3】________that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from【C4】________without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian managers.
    Different cultures have different ways of【C5】________people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known【C6】________the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to        【C7】________to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many Western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general【C8】________Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a【C9】________that traditional       【C10】________managers cannot.
    A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without【C11】________managers first. This empowerment has been part of the trend towards downsizing:【C12】________the number of management layers in companies. After delayering in this way, a company may be【C13】________with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with【C14】________contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation much further than has【C15】________been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to【C16】________that the overall business plan is being【C17】________, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
    Another trend is off-site or【C18】________management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the       【C19】________of the team members in terms of what they【C20】________for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
【C18】
选项 A、virtual
B、ineffective
C、day-to-day
D、on-the-scene
答案A
解析 virtual(虚拟的)；ineffective(低效的)；day-to-day(日常的)；on-the-scene(现场的)。根据后半句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知，在这种新型的管理方法下，人们都是通过电子邮件和网络联系，说明这是一种通过虚拟网络进行管理的方法。故A正确。
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