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  3. Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

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问题     Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the University of Chicago and Stanford University who studied mother-child interactions over the course of several years found that the type of praise children receive affects their attitudes toward challenges later in life.
    Specifically, praise that came with feedback about their behavior and the choices that toddlers (初学走路的小孩) made helped them to cope better with difficult experiences five years later, compared with compliments that focused more on the child himself, like "You’re a good boy." The study, which appears in the journal Child Development, is the first major study of praise and child development done outside of a lab setting.
    "This is something we suspected would be the case based on a lot of experimental research, and it’s exciting to see it play out in the real world," says Elizabeth Gunderson, an assistant professor of psychology at Temple University, in Philadelphia, who led the study while at the University of Chicago. "Praising the efforts, actions and work of the kid is going to be more beneficial in their long-term persistence and desire to be challenged and work hard in the future."
    Such "process praise" includes comments such as "You worked really hard." or "You’re doing a great job," which emphasize the child’s actions. "Person praise" includes comments like "You’re so smart." or "You’re so good," which focus on a child’s inherent qualities. These distinctions aren’t new in the field of psychology, but exactly how they affect children’s development over the years hasn’t always been clear.
    As part of the study, researchers visited the homes of more than 50 toddlers between the ages of 1 and 3 years old, and filmed their daily interactions with their parents during multiple 90-minute sessions. Five years later, the researchers followed up with the families, using questionnaires to measure the children’s attitudes toward challenges and problem solving. The children who grew up with more process praise were more open to challenge, and were able to identify more ways of overcoming difficult problems. They were also more likely to say that they could improve their intelligence with hard work. While person praise didn’t seem to have any negative effect on the children, the study suggests that process praise teaches children that their talents and abilities can be developed and improved, while person praise sends the message that their abilities are fixed and therefore not easily altered.
    "This study is monumental," says Carol Dweck, a co-author of the study and a professor at Stanford University whose earlier research laid the foundation for understanding the role of praise in child development. "To be videotaping (录制) these mother-child interactions and to be interviewing the mothers and children over the years is an enormous undertaking."
What can we learn about the study?
选项 A、It was based on lab research.
B、It was done in the real world.
C、It took five years to get the result.
D、It was the first study of praise.
答案B
解析 第2段末句提到，在《儿童发展》杂志上发表的此项研究是首次脱离实验室、主要对鼓励话语与儿童发展的研究。由此可见，该研究是建立在真实生活基础上的，而不是在实验室进行的，故排除A),选B)。此外第3段首句提到的“该研究是在真实世界里进行的”也印证了答案。C)是利用文中出现的five years设置的无关干扰。根据原文可知，这并非第一个针对赞扬的研究，而是第一个首次脱离实验室、主要对鼓励话语与儿童发展的研究，故D)也与原文不符。
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