首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the
admin
2019-03-10
54
问题
Urban Development in the United States During the Nineteenth Century
P1: Urbanized societies, in which a high proportion of the population lives in cities, developed only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The process of urbanization has moved rapidly in the entire world since 1800, and the peak is not yet in sight. In the United States, early New England towns, formally disposed along wide elm-lined central roadways or commons, exhibit a conscious planning. In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannot really use the term "urban planning", as it suggests modern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist before the planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s. While there certainly were urban areas that were "planned" in the comprehensive contemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C., these were the exception. Most "planned" in the nineteenth century was limited to areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developers trying to make a profit from a piece of land.
P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside. Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. People no longer had to live within walking distance of their jobs. Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant transportation system improvements and increased ridership.
P3: Demographic patterns also accounted for the urbanization. Urban populations grew steadily due to rural immigrants gravitated to the cheap housing and to the promise of work in or near the center of cities or around factories and emigration from around the globe. As the 19th century drew to a close, the rapid development of cities served as both a uniting and dividing factor in American social, economic, and political life. Cities attracted a rich cross-section of the world’s population, creating a various, metropolitan atmosphere. At the same time, cities forced people from entirely different backgrounds to live and work together in close proximity for the first time, which contributed to diverse urban problems.
P4: Many nineteenth-century urban problems continue to plague cities today, especially those associated with sanitation and mega-fires resulted from lack of planning and regulation. The growth of cities outpaced the ability of local governments to extend clean water, garbage collection, and sewage systems into poorer areas, so conditions in cities deteriorated. Sanitary sewers at that time failed to stop the spread of typhoid, increased its infection rates downstream of sewer outlets, and the miasmatic gasses they were designed to mitigate turned out to not exist. It was not until the 1860s that any serious, concerted effort was made to develop proper systems for water delivery and sewage removal, which caused water contamination and the spread of disease by rodents and insects. During the 19th century, the United States was afflicted with many urban conflagrations and wildfires as tactical firefighting and prevention practices were underdeveloped. Construction with combustible materials coupled with close placement of buildings and the use of open flames in heating, cooking, and lighting meant that the potential for raging fires was ever present.
P5: Cities in the late 19th century were large, compacted, and impersonal places devoted to making money. Typically, development was both unplanned and unrestricted, with landowners making all choices of lot size, services, and street arrangement based only on their individual needs in the marketplace. Not surprisingly, corruption was rampant in city government and city services, in the construction industry, and among landlords and employers. High rents, low wages, and poor services produced misery in the midst of abrupt economic growth.
P2: Three forces particularly affected the configuration of urban and suburban areas in the nineteenth century: economics, transportation technology, and demographics. Added to these was the characteristic American preference both for independent living, including separate neighborhoods for themselves by building mansions on large plots of land at the edges of the cities or in the countryside.■ Economic development stemmed from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th centuries transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. ■The increased number of jobs, along with technological innovations in transportation and housing construction, encouraged migration to cities. ■People no longer had to live within walking distance of their jobs. ■Commuting into the city to work became easier and cheaper with constant system improvements and increased ridership.
According to paragraph 5, one of the major consequences of the lack of restrictions and comprehensive urban planning was that
选项
A、infrastructure systems were coordinated by local groups rather than by city governments
B、cities became smaller over time because people began leaving
C、landowners developed urban lots however they wished
D、some housing developments that were begun were never completed
答案
C
解析
【事实信息题】第2句提到19世纪城市发展是没有规划也没有限制的,地主自由地基于个人需求决定城市规模、服务以及街道规划。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/nMfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Whenwerethefollowingfeaturesincludedinanautoshow?Writethecorrectletter,A,B,orCnexttoquestions17-20.Alast
Completethesentencesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.FootballintheUKPriortothe19thcentury,footballplaye
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.Whatdoesthemanthinkaboutthefoodservedduringtheflight?
ChooseTWOletters,A-E.WhichTWObenefitsofthisactivitytothestudentsarementionedbytheprofessor?ATheybecomemore
Completethenotesbelow.WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswer.DevelopmentStudiesDevelopmentStudiesattemptstounderstand-
Inadditionto(appropriating)the(subjectmatter)ofmassculture,thepopartmovementofthe1950’s(utilized)various(tech
"ArtHistoryClass"Inwhatorderdoestheprofessorexplainphotographicprinciples?
Oneofthebasicprinciplesofwildlifeconservationinvolves______adequatenaturalfoodandsheltertomaintainpopulationso
FamilyMattersThismonth,Wyomingpassedabillthatwouldgivelegalteethtothemoralobligationtosupportone’sparent
随机试题
零件在交变载荷作用下使用,使表面产生微小裂纹以致剥落称为()磨损。
下列更能反映不同货币购买力水平的汇率是()
A.便血与呕血B.呕大量鲜红血可伴休克C.以便血为主,不呕血D.腹腔内大出血多数十二指肠溃疡出血的临床表现
围产儿预后相对较好的臀先露是
A.1B.1/2C.1/3D.3/4E.1/10
某直辖市政府以“摩的”遍地开花影响市容为由发布一项通知,要求凡是从事“摩的”运营的都应当取得市政府的运营许可证。关于此运营许可证,下列说法哪一项是正确的?()
图示结构中,EI=常数。则正确的杆端弯矩(顺时针为正)是( )。
Mr.PeterJohnson,agedtwenty-three,battledforhalfanhourtoescapefromhistrappedcaryesterdaywhenitlandedupsidedown
单击“字处理”按钮,然后按照题目要求完成下面的操作。注意:以下的文件必须保存在考生文件夹下。在考生文件夹下打开文档word.docx,按照要求完成下列操作并以该文件名(word.docx)保存文件。按照参考样式“word参考样
A.famousB.conductedC.rejectD.influentialE.unrealisticF.developG.failH.drainI.realisticJ.manageK.dro
最新回复
(
0
)