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  3. There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedi

There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedi

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问题      There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses-all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.
     Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be either quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level-variables that are characterized by an underlying continuumor the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality typo. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reducing to comprehensibly form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.
     Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children.
     Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.
Describing and tabulating are associated with ________.
选项 A、inferential statistics
B、descriptive statistics
C、theories of probability
D、inefficiency of counting
答案B
解析 从文章的第二段可以得知，描述和列表是描述性统计方法的两种形式。再看四个选项。A“推理性统计”，没有任何关系；B“描述性统计”，正好相关；C((可能性理论”，从第一段末可知，该理论是用于推理性统计的；D“计算的无效”，与文章内容不符。
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