2. 考研
  3. 单纯利用水的流动来计时有许多不便，人们逐渐发明了利用水做动力，以驱动机械结构来计时。公元前117年，东汉的张衡制造了大型天文计时仪器——水运浑天仪(the Water-driven Celestial Globe)，初步具备了机械性计时器的作用。随后历代都

单纯利用水的流动来计时有许多不便，人们逐渐发明了利用水做动力，以驱动机械结构来计时。公元前117年，东汉的张衡制造了大型天文计时仪器——水运浑天仪(the Water-driven Celestial Globe)，初步具备了机械性计时器的作用。随后历代都

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问题     单纯利用水的流动来计时有许多不便，人们逐渐发明了利用水做动力，以驱动机械结构来计时。公元前117年，东汉的张衡制造了大型天文计时仪器——水运浑天仪(the Water-driven Celestial Globe)，初步具备了机械性计时器的作用。随后历代都相继制作了附设有计时装置的仪器，其中宋代的苏颂制造的水运仪象台(the Water-driven Celestial Observatory)，把机械计时装置的发展推到一个新的高峰。该水运仪象台的计时机械部分还可以按时刻使木偶出来击鼓报刻，摇铃报时等。
    这类计时器尚不能算是独立的计时器，还是天文仪器与计时仪器的混合体。至14世纪60年代，我国的机械计时器已脱离了天文仪器而独立，不但具有传动系统——齿轮系，而且还有擒纵器(escapement)，如果再前进一步，就可能出现完全现代意义上的钟表。但遗憾的是，中国没能做到这一点，最终机械钟表还是从西方引进。
                                                ——选自《中国文学》，2000(1)
选项
答案 Measuring time by the flow of water has disadvantages. By and by, people invented time-measuring devices with water as the driving force for its mechanical system. In 117 BC, Zhang Heng manufactured the Water-driven Celestial Globe, a large, astronomical, time-measuring apparatus that had the primitive function of a mechanical time measurer. Through the later dynasties, many apparatus with attached time-measuring devices were produced. In the Song Dynasty (AD 960—1279), Su Song’s Water-driven Celestial Observatory marked a new height of mechanical time-measuring instruments. The time-measuring mechanism had wooden puppets to beat a drum to announce a quarter, to ring a hand-bell to tell time every other hour and so on. These mixtures of astronomical instruments and time-measuring devices cannot be seen as independent time measurers. By the 1360s, China’s mechanical time-measuring devices had been separated from astronomical instruments and became independent. They not only had drive systems with gears, but escapements as well. If the Chinese people had made one more step, they would have produced clocks in the contemporary sense. Unfortunately, China failed to do this, and ultimately had to introduce mechanical clocks from the West. —Excerpts from Chinese Culture, 2000 (1)
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