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  3. The following two excerpts are about hukou reform in China. Like an internal passport for Chinese citizens, the old hukou system

The following two excerpts are about hukou reform in China. Like an internal passport for Chinese citizens, the old hukou system

admin2021-08-06  98
问题    The following two excerpts are about hukou reform in China. Like an internal passport for Chinese citizens, the old hukou system has caused many unfair issues in the social welfare system. From the excerpts, you can find that the hukou system is undergoing a series of reforms to redress unfairness but there have also been doubt and criticism about this reform.
   Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 WORDS, in which you should:
   1.   summarize the different responses to hukou reform, and then
   2.   express your opinion towards hukou reform, especially whether the new reform can guarantee fairness among the urban and rural citizens.
   Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
   Write your article on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.
   Excerpt 1
                                         Shifting Barriers
   The Beijing municipal government recently issued a guideline for deepening hukou (household registration) reform, which says the capital will abolish the rural and urban hukou system, and implement a unified registration system. In the future, the capital’s residents will be registered just as Beijing residents.
   The guideline also says a new set of education, medical and health care, employment, social security, housing, land and demographic systems will be established in accordance with the unified hukou system.
   Experts said the Beijing hukou reform will pave the way for equitable public services in urban and rural areas. The reform will ensure Beijing’s rural residents get better social welfare, old-age support and medical treatment. For instance, at present, urban residents’ basic medical insurance can cover both outpatient and inpatient treatment, but rural residents’ insurance covers only inpatient treatment. This will no longer be the case.
   Thirty municipalities, provinces and autonomous regions, including Beijing, have launched hukou reform.
   One of the most important issues of public concern is whether the cancellation of rural hukou means rural residents have to give up their right to homesteads.
   Zhu Lijia, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Governance, said a unified household registration system doesn’t mean rural residents will be deprived of their property. Land reform will also be implemented in line with the hukou reform to protect rural residents’ rights and interests.
   Excerpt 2
                                      Hukou Reform Targets 2020
   As with the adjustment to the new family-planning policy, the latest changes of the hukou system need years of tinkering. Under the arrangements, migrants will be able to apply for a permit if they have lived in a city for six months with either an employment contract or a tenancy agreement, which will allow access to state health care where the migrants live, and permit their children to go to local state schools up to the age of 15. It will also make other things easier, like buying a car.
   Sadly though, most migrants are casual laborers. They rarely have any labor or tenancy contracts. The success of the reform also partly depends on funding. The government recently decided to tie schools’ budgets to the number of their pupils. In theory this will cover extra demand. But the system is untested.
   There are other catches. In cities of between 500,000 and 1 million people, applicants for urban hukou will need to have contributed to the government’s social-insurance scheme for three years. In cities of 1 million to 5 million people, the minimum time span is five years. And the reform does not really apply to the biggest cities. They set their own requirements.
   The government says it hopes 100 million rural migrants (there are now about 250 million of them living in urban areas) will have urban hukou by 2020. That seems unlikely. Many live in the biggest cities where, to judge by the reform proposed by the city government of Beijing, changing status will get harder; the capital’s requirements give precedence to people who have paid 100,000 yuan ( $ 15,500) in tax a year, far more than manual laborers earn.
选项
答案 On the Chinese Hukou Reform These days, the Chinese government is overhauling its hukou system nationwide to address inequalities between rural and urban residents in terms of public welfare such as pensions, education and health care services. However, this policy has some stringent requirements of either the legitimacy of a person’s job and residence or a minimum span of urban residency ranging from 3 to 5 years. Like an internal passport, hukou, a brown-colored booklet dictating a person’s birthplace, current residence, and marital status, seems as sacred as the Bible to Chinese nationals. A decades-old leftover from the 1950s’ national policy, the hukou system has long been scolded for its unequal nature—unequal to domestic servants including so many migrant workers who leave their fields to provide sweat and blood for the rapid growth of modern skylines of the cities, the high-speed trains, subways and road networks linking our vast country. Sadly though, despite the toil and travail they contribute to China’s booming economy, these people, the backbone of our country, have not enjoyed the same benefits in health care, pensions and other social welfare as city residents owing to the draconian hukou system in the old days. To the estimated 274 million migrant workers (2014) and college students who have landed jobs in cities, this man-made barrier blocks their dreams like a piece of barricade, thus branding a scar of inequality on the hearts of millions of contributors who aspire to live the same life as their urban peers. Thanks to the new hukou policy which is aimed at phasing out restrictions in cities and setting reasonable conditions for people to settle in big cities, all Chinese nationals, no matter where they are born, will be gradually entitled to the same and equal treatment. To remove the barrier between the rural and the urban areas is a bold yet wise decision. It not only sweeps inequality but also unleashes domestic consumer demand. But the worries of crippling city infrastructures and security and destroying the countryside economy due to the rush of people into cities must be taken into serious consideration too.
解析    本题讨论的话题是中国户籍制度改革。旧的户籍制度引起了社会不公等一系列问题，因此国家出台了新的户籍政策。但新政策也引发了一些人的担忧与批评。本题要求首先总结关于户籍制度改革的不同态度，然后提出自己的观点，尤其要说明新的户籍制度是否能实现农村人口与城市人口之间的公平。
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