首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Since 1992 the Innocence Project, an American legal charity, has used DNA evidence to help exonerate 271 people who were wrongly
Since 1992 the Innocence Project, an American legal charity, has used DNA evidence to help exonerate 271 people who were wrongly
admin
2011-08-28
49
问题
Since 1992 the Innocence Project, an American legal charity, has used DNA evidence to help exonerate 271 people who were wrongly convicted of crimes, sometimes after they had served dozens of years in prison. But a mystery has emerged from the case reports. Despite being innocent, around a quarter of these people had confessed or pleaded guilty to the offences of which they were accused.
It seems hard to imagine that anyone of sound mind would take the blame for something he did not do. But several researchers have found it surprisingly easy to make people fess up to invented misdemeanours. Admittedly these confessions are taking place in a laboratory rather than an interrogation room, so the stakes might not appear that high to the confessor. On the other hand, the pressures that can be brought to bear in a police station are much stronger than those in a lab. The upshot is that it seems worryingly simple to extract a false confession from someone— which he might find hard subsequently to retract.
One of the most recent papers on the subject, published in Law and Human Behavior by Saul Kassin and Jennifer Perillo of the John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York, used a group of 71 university students who were told they were taking part in a test of their reaction times. Participants were asked to press keys on a keyboard as they were read aloud by another person, who was secretly in cahoots with the experimenter. The volunteers were informed that the ALT key was faulty, and that if it was pressed the computer would crash and all the experimental data would be lost. The experimenter watched the proceedings from across the table.
In fact, the computer was set up to crash regardless, about a minute into the test. When this happened the experimenter asked each participant if he had pressed the illicit key, acted as if he was upset when it was "discovered" that the data had disappeared, and requested that the participant sign a confession. Only one person actually did hit the ALT key by mistake, but a quarter of the innocent participants were so disarmed by the shock of the accusation that they confessed to something they had not done.
Robert Horselenberg and his colleagues at Maastricht University, in the Netherlands, have come up with similar results. In an as-yet-unpublished study, members of Dr. Horselenberg’s group told 83 people that they were taking part in a taste test for a supermarket chain. The top taster would win a prize such as an iPad or a set of DVDs. The volunteers were asked to try ten cans of fizzy drink and guess which was which. The labels were obscured by socks pulled up to the rim of each can, so to cheat a volunteer had only to lower the sock.
During the test, which was filmed by a hidden camera, ten participants actually did cheat. Bafflingly, though, another eight falsely confessed when accused by the experimenter, despite participants having been told cheats would be fined €50 ($72).
The number of innocent confessors jumps when various interrogation techniques are added to the mix. Several experiments, for example, have focused on the use of false evidence, as when police pretend they have proof of a person’s guilt in order to encourage him to confess. This is usually permitted in the United States, though banned in Britain.
A second computer-crash test conducted by Dr. Kassin and Dr. Perillo used this technique. Another person in the room beside the experimenter said he saw the participant hitting the ALT key. In this case the confession rate jumped to 80% of innocent participants. Dr. Horselenberg and his colleagues found something similar.
Dr. Kassin also tested the impact of bluffing. Two participants, one of whom was again in cahoots with the investigator, sat in the same room and were asked to complete what appeared to be an academic test. Halfway through, the investigator accused them of helping each other and cited the university’s honour code against cheating. The investigator went on to bluff that there was a video camera in the room, though the recording, with its definitive proof one way or the other, would not be accessible until later. In the real world, this might be like a detective telling a suspect that DNA or fingerprint evidence had been found but not yet analyse. Presumably, the innocent participants knew such a tape would exonerate them. Even so, half still confessed.
All of which is both strange and rather alarming. Dr. Kassin suggests that participants may have the naive belief that the world is a just place, and that their innocence will emerge in the end, particularly in the case of the alleged video evidence. One participant, for example, told him, "it made it easier because I had nothing to hide. The cameras would prove it."
From The Economist, August 13, 2011
What’s the attitude of the author towards the confession of invented misdemeanors?
选项
A、Objective.
B、Sympathetic.
C、Sarcastic.
D、Understanding.
答案
A
解析
本题为态度题。因为D选项的understanding并不是持理解态度的意思,而是“体谅和同情(他人的难处等)”的意思,因此,其实和选项B“同情的”是类似的。所以应该是A“客观的”,因为作者并没对此表露过多的个人倾向。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/qvYO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Lifeiseverywherearoundus.Itisevidentinthehumingof【1】______insects,thesingingofbirds,therustlingsofsmal
DiscussionoftheassimilationofPuertoRicansintheUnitedStateshasfocusedontwofactors:socialstandingandthelossof
Inviewoftheobstaclesinlaunchingnewindustriesforwhichaccesstomarketsisacriticallocationfactor,whatkindoffac
TheAmericanTaxSystemGovernmentsraiserevenuesthroughtaxation.Ataxisa【1】______paymenttogovernment.IntheUnit
TheAmericanTaxSystemGovernmentsraiserevenuesthroughtaxation.Ataxisa【1】______paymenttogovernment.IntheUnit
Atpresentcompaniesandindustriesliketosponsorsportsevents.Tworeasonsareputforwardtoexplainthisphenomenon.Thef
Forhundredsofyears,farmershaveselectedandbredplantsandanimalstofavor,orbringout,characteristicstheydesired.F
InthedaysbeforeDianabecameaccustomedtodailyhairdressers,highfashionandexpertlyappliedmakeup,shelookedherbest
A、protestorsusedwatercannonsagainstriotpoliceB、riotpolicethrewhomemadefirebombsatdemonstratorsC、someactiveprotes
"Heavens!"exclaimedtheauntofClovis,"here’ssomeoneIknowbearingdownonus.Ican’trememberhisname,butbelunchedwi
随机试题
糖尿病患者肥胖者
A.右房、右室大,肺动脉段凸出B.左房、左室大,肺动脉段凸出C.左室、右室大,肺动脉段凸出D.右室大,肺动脉段凸出,肺野清晰E.右室大,肺动脉段凹陷,肺野清晰
以下可以采用复线蒸汽系统的情况是()。
火灾联动控制系统中,通过接收火灾报警控制器发出的火灾报警信息,按预设逻辑对建筑中设置的自动消防系统设施进行控制指的是()。
2011年1月1日,甲公司经批准发行到期还本、分期付息的公司债券200万张。该债券每张面值为100元,期限为3年,票面年利率为5%,每年1月1日支付上一年利息,该债券实际年利率为6%。假定不考虑债券的发行费用。甲公司发行债券实际募得资金19465万元,债券
甲、乙、丙、丁拟共同组建一有限责任性质的饮料公司,注册资本200万元,其中甲、乙各以货币60万元出资:丙以实物出资,经评估作价70万元;丁以劳务出资,经全体出资人同意作价10万元。饮料公司成立后经营一直不景气,已欠银行贷款100万元不能偿还。经股东会决议,
一辆汽车沿平直公路行驶,开始时速度和时间的关系为v=250t,速度到达80km/h后,匀速行驶0.5h.后来因故障,汽车在12min内速度均匀减为零,则:此时汽车行驶了多长时间?
What’stheweatherlikenow?
71.Oneofthemajorpleasuresinlifeisappetite,andoneofourmajordutiesshouldbetopreserveit.Appetiteisthekeennes
Icaughta______ofthecarbeforeitdisappearedaroundthecornerofthestreet.
最新回复
(
0
)