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  3. As flourishing tourism brings economy interests to many places while also destroying their local cultures, some people are calli

As flourishing tourism brings economy interests to many places while also destroying their local cultures, some people are calli

admin2020-01-15  31
问题     As flourishing tourism brings economy interests to many places while also destroying their local cultures, some people are calling on restriction for it. However, some hold that tourism, to some extent, can also help to save local cultures. From the following excerpts, you can find different opinions towards tourism’s influence on local cultures.
    Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should:
    1. summarize briefly the arguments on both sides, and then
    2. give your comment.
Excerpt 1
    In a town along a river cutting between green mountains, men and women spin and stamp feet to the beat of drums. One dancer waving a knife is wrapped head-to-foot in leafy branches, his flashing eyes barely visible through the mask. This traditional dance reflects the Jamaican Maroons’ specialty: the ambush. It was once a secret ritual of the fierce bands of escaped slaves who won freedom by launching attacks and repelling invasions of their forest havens.
    But on this day, descendants of those 18th century escapees are performing for tourists in a fenced dancing yard in Charles Town, a Maroon settlement in eastern Jamaica that seemed destined to lose its traditions until revivalists gradually brought it back.
    Maroons in the Caribbean are increasingly showcasing their unique culture for visitors in hopes that heritage tourism will guarantee jobs for the young generation and preserve what remains of their centuries-old practices in mostly remote settlements.
    "For a long time, it’s been very difficult to keep the young people because they tend to leave for the cities to seek work. But now we can train tour guides and our people can sell their crafts, their banana and coconuts," said Fearon Williams, the leader one of Jamaica’s semi-autonomous Maroon region.
    An annual Jan. 6 celebration draws thousands of visitors to the isolated town, which sits among rocky cliffs and stone towers in northwestern Jamaica. "Tourism is making us stronger."
Excerpt 2
    Bali, which is known as "the island of gods," is threatened to the point that it could soon be unrecognizable. "In the beginning, Bali was mostly cultural tourism. Today, we are witnessing mass tourism. And that’s the very problem!" says Wayan Suardana, a manager at the Walhi NGO, which fights to preserve the environment.
    "We used culture like merchandise," says Ketut Yuliarsa, a poet from Ubud. "The Balinese are people who are still deeply attached to their religion and culture, they spend a lot of time in temples, they respect the rites. But mass tourism is disrupting their practices: the diversity of local cultures and the specificity of rituals is being unified, homogenized. We offer a standardized ’package’ to foreigners. One example: tourist guides use Polynesian practices, like giving out garland of flowers to new arrivals—as though it was a Balinese custom! "
    The difficulty in curbing these excesses is all the more difficult since tourism does have positive aspects. "People have gotten richer, standards of living have increased. Many Balinese aren’t aware of the current changes: most of them say they are satisfied with the evolution of things," says Ketut Yuliarsa.
    Audrey Lamou, former director of the French cultural center, has been observing this phenomenon for several years. "Balinese people are increasingly obsessed with easy money. Institutions like the gamelans—traditional orchestras—are disappearing and the Balinese language is slowly yielding to Indonesian. With this spectacular evolution, one wonders if the Balinese are culturally driving straight into the wall," she says.
选项
答案 Tourism: A Conservation Tool Rather Than a Conservation Threat How tourism impacts cultural heritage remains a controversial topic. Some people believe that tourism contributes to the revitalization of traditional customs, handicrafts and festivals that might otherwise have been on the decline. However, opponents argue that tourism erodes the authenticity of traditional cultures by commercializing them to meet tourist expectations. As a cultural travel enthusiast, I am more inclined to support the former. Tourism, if carefully managed, may serve more as a conservation tool than as a conservation threat. The potential of tourism to enhance conservation efforts is reflected in two major aspects. Firstly, it provides a strong economic incentive for cultural conservation by being a stable source of employment and income for local people. The jobs created by tourism act as a very important motivation to reduce emigration from rural areas. Local people can improve their earnings prospects through tourism-related professions and businesses. For example, they can make full use of their cultural heritage including traditional arts and crafts in tourism development. When local communities realize the economic benefits that cultural tourism brings, they will fight for conservation. Secondly, tourism is a vigorous and effective means for communicating and promoting local culture. This not only helps to raise local awareness of the value of historical and cultural heritage, but also stimulate civic pride that drives people to preserve and protect their culture and traditions. Indeed, social involvement is an important condition for cultural conservation, and this is exactly what tourism can contribute to. A good example is that in some less developed countries, many young people have a waning interest in traditional practices, and it is tourism that sustains them to safeguard their cultural heritage. In conclusion, tourism has positive impacts on society and culture when the inhabitants realize that its unique tradition attracts tourists and therefore the effort is made to preserve that tradition. Developing culturally geared tourism programs encourages destinations to embrace and promote what distinguishes their communities. Although some people criticize the "inauthentic" preservation of culture, these "inauthentic" cultural experiences are better than none at all.
解析     材料围绕“旅游业是促进还是阻碍文化传承”给出了两个选段，分别是正反观点。
    选段一褒扬旅游业对文化传承的积极意义。旅游业给牙买加的年轻一代带来了工作机会(guarantee jobs)，而且通过演出等方式向游客展示他们的独特文化(showcasing their unique culture)，传统文化因而得以保存(preserve what remains of their centuries-old practices)。
    选段二则贬斥旅游业对文化传承与发展造成的负面影响。过度兴旺的旅游业使巴厘岛文化商品化(like merchandise)，甚至把各种文化统一成一套供给外国游客的标准模式(a standardized‘package’)，导致当地多样的文化、独特的仪式趋于同质化(the diversity of．．．being unified，homogenized)。但是由于旅游业带来了好处，抑制这种过度的旅游业困难重重，当地人越来越着迷于唾手可得的金钱(increasingly obsessed with easy money)。而忽视了文化被逐渐破坏的现状。
    开篇：总结材料，从正反两方面概括旅游业对文化传承的影响，并表明自己的态度——旅游业对于文化传承利大于弊。
    主体：分两方面进一步阐述旅游业如何促进文化传承。
    1．旅游业作为当地就业与收入的稳定来源，在经济上刺激文化传承。
    2．旅游业是宣传与弘扬地方文化的有效途径。
    结尾：总结全文，指出传统文化的变异总比传统文化的消逝好。
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