首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research—and the scientists’ contempt of utility—was a long time dying. For a mille
The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research—and the scientists’ contempt of utility—was a long time dying. For a mille
admin
2017-03-25
57
问题
The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research—and the scientists’ contempt of utility—was a long time dying. For a millennium after Archimedes, this separation of mechanics from geometry inhibited fundamental technological progress and in some areas repressed it altogether. But there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the middle ages: the organization of society. The social system of fixed class relationships that prevailed through the Middle Ages(and in some areas much longer)itself hampered improvement. Under this system, the laboring masses, in exchange for the bare necessities of life, did all the productive work, while the privileged few—priests, nobles, and kings—concerned themselves only with ownership and maintenance of their own position. In the interest of their privileges they did achieve considerable progress in defense, in warmaking, in government, in trade, in the arts of leisure, and in the extraction of labor from their dependents, but they had no familiarity with the process of production. On the other hand, the laborers, who were familiar with manufacturing techniques, had no incentive to improve or increase production to the advantage of their masters. Thus, with one class possessing the requisite knowledge and experience, but lacking incentive and leisure, and the other class lacking the knowledge and experience, there was no means by which technical progress could be achieved.
The whole ancient world was built upon this relationship—a relationship as sterile as it was inhuman. The availability of slaves nullified the need for more efficient machinery. In many of the commonplace fields of human endeavor, actual stagnation prevailed for thousands of years. Not all the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome could develop the windmill or contrive so simple an instrument as the wheelbarrow—products of the tenth and thirteenth centuries respectively.
For about twenty-five centuries, two-thirds of the power of the horse was lost because he wasn’t shod, and much of the strength of the ox was wasted because his harness wasn’t modified to fit his shoulders. For more than five thousand years, sailors were confined to rivers and coasts by a primitive steering mechanism which required remarkably little alteration(in the thirteenth century)to become a rudder.
With any ingenuity at all, the ancient plough could have been put on wheels and the ploughshare shaped to bite and turn the sod instead of merely scratching it—but the ingenuity wasn’t forthcoming. And the villager of the Middle Ages, like the men who first had fire, had a smoke hole in the center of the straw and reed thatched roof of his one-room dwelling(which he shared with his animals), while the medieval charcoal burner(like his Stone Age ancestor)made himself a hut of small branches.
Lack of technological progress in the ancient and medieval worlds was primarily due to the absence of______.
选项
A、natural resources
B、inventive ability
C、people’s desire for the "better things of life"
D、proper social organization
答案
D
解析
本题中,A、B、C三项在文中未被提及。从文中的第三句话“there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the middle ages:the organization of society.”可知,D项“合理的社会组织结构”为正确答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/sqGO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Preliminaryestimationputsthefigureataround$110billion,______the$160billionthePresidentisstrugglingtogetthrough
A"scientific"viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisof
Readingisnotsimplyanintellectualpursuitbutanemotionalandspiritualone.Itlightsthecandleinthehurricanelampof
Upuntiltheageof18,Ireadverylittle.I【C1】______myselftowhatwasnecessaryforasecondary-school【C2】______Iwasalways
The______BritishtheoreticalphysicistStephenHawkingoncesaidinaninterviewthatheavenisafairystoryforpeopleafraid
DoingaPhDiscertainlynotforeverybody,andIdonotrecommenditformostpeople.However,IamreallygladIgotmyPhDra
Statusesaremarveloushumaninventionsthatenableustogetalongwithoneanotherandtodeterminewherewe"fit"insociety.
______onetime,Manchesterwasthehomeofthemostproductivecottonmillsintheworld.
Directions:Writeanessayofnolessthan200wordsonthetopicgivenbelow.UsetheproperspaceonyourAnswerSheetⅡ.1.T
Engineeringstudentsaresupposedtobeexamplesofpracticalityandrationality,butwhenitcomestomycollegeeducationIam
随机试题
什么叫焊接电弧?
关于慢性肾小球肾炎的保健指导中错误的是
男性,67岁,右腹股沟区肿块1年,渐增大,但晚间卧床后肿块缩小。昨突发右下腹痛,伴呕吐2次,腹痛阵发性加重。体格检查:全腹平软,右下腹压痛,无肌紧张,肠鸣音8~12次/min,偶闻气过水声。最可能的诊断是
患儿。7岁。发热轻微,鼻塞流涕。喷嚏,咳嗽。起病第2天出皮疹,疹色红润,疱浆清亮,根盘红晕,皮疹瘙痒,分布稀疏,此起彼伏,以躯干为多,舌苔薄白,脉浮数。其治法是
外周性镇咳药是
根据《增值税暂行条例》的规定,固定业户纳税人申报缴纳增值税的纳税地点是()。
下列各项中,应计人当期营业外收入的有()。
临床心理学主要的研究范畴包括()。
A、 B、 C、 D、 C题干及选项给出的图形组成元素大小、形状都相同,只是位置不同,首先锁定移动、旋转和翻转考点。解决此题的关键就是要找出图形构成元素间的转化方式。先从每行来找寻规律,看第一行图形发现:第一
Nearlyhalftheworld’spopulationwillexperience【C1】______watershortagesby2025,【C2】______theUnitedNations.Wars【C3】_____
最新回复
(
0
)