首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The Art of Public Speaking Think what might happen if you tried to build a house without a floor plan or an architect’s blu
The Art of Public Speaking Think what might happen if you tried to build a house without a floor plan or an architect’s blu
admin
2010-03-26
56
问题
The Art of Public Speaking
Think what might happen if you tried to build a house without a floor plan or an architect’s blueprint. You build the kitchen next to the driveway to make it convenient for carrying in groceries. But the dining room turns up at the other end of the house. When you cook and serve a meal, you have to run with the plates to keep the food from getting cold. You put the bathroom at the head of the stairs to make it accessible to visitors. But the door opens in such a way that the unwary guest is catapulted down the steps. Plans and blueprints are essential to architecture. So, too, are outlines essential to effective speeches. An outline is like a blueprint for your speech. By outlining, you make sure that related items are together, that ideas flow from one to another, that the structure of your speech will stand up -- and not collapse. Probably you will use two kinds of outlines for your speeches -- one very detailed, for the planning stage, and one very brief, for the delivery of the speech.
The Preparation Outline
The preparation outline is just what its name implies -- an outline that helps you prepare the speech. Writing a preparation outline means actually putting your speech together. It is the stage at which you decide what you will say in the introduction, how you will organize the main points and supporting materials in the body of the speech, and what you will say in the conclusion.
Now let us look at the guidelines for the outline. The specific purpose statement should be a separate unit that comes before the text of the outline itself. Including the specific purpose in the outline makes it easier to assess how well you have constructed the speech to accomplish your purpose. Some teachers prefer that the central idea be given immediately after the purpose statement. Others prefer that it be given and identified in the text of the outline itself. If you label the parts of your speech, you will be sure that you indeed have an introduction and conclusion and have accomplished the essential objectives of each. Usually the names of the speech parts are placed in the middle of the page or in the far lei1 margin. They are technical labels only and are not included in the system of symbolization used to identify main points and supporting materials. In the most common system of outlining, main points are identified by Roman numerals and are indented (首行缩进) equally so as to be aligned (对齐) down the page. Sub-points are identified by capital letters and are also indented equally so as to be aligned with each other.
Once you have organized the body of your speech, you should have identified the main points. You need only flesh out your outline with sub-points, as necessary, to support the main points. But suppose, as sometimes happens, you find yourself with a list of statements and are not sure which are main points, which are sub-points, and so forth. Such a list might look like this:
There were 13 people at the Last Supper-Jesus and his 12 disciples.
One of the most common sources of superstition is number.
In the United States, 13 is often omitted in the floor numbering of hotels and skyscrapers.
The number 13 has meant bad luck as long as anyone can remember.
Which statement is the main point? The second statement is the main point, which is broader in scope than any of the other statements. This would be one of the main ideas of your speech. The fourth statement is the sub-point; it immediately supports the main point. The other two statements are sub-sub-points; they illustrate the sub-point. Rearranged properly, they look like this:
A. One of the most common sources of superstition is numbers.
a. The number 13 has meant bad luck as long as anyone can remember.
1. There were 13 people at the Last Supper - Jesus and his 12 disciples.
2. In the United States, 13 is often omitted in the floor numbering of hotels and skyscrapers.
The Speaking Outline
Today most people speak extemporaneously (即兴地)--which means the speech is thoroughly prepared and carefully practiced in advance, but much of the exact wording is selected while the speech is being delivered. Your speeches will probably be of this type. You should know, then, about the speaking outline the most widely recommended form of notes for extemporaneous speeches. The aim of a speaking outline is to help you remember what you want to say. In some ways it is a condensed version of your preparation outline. It should contain key words or phrases to jog your memory, as well as essential statistics and quotations that you do not want to risk forgetting. But it should also include material not in your preparation outline -- especially cues to direct and sharpen your delivery.
Your speaking outline should use the same visual framework--the same symbols and the same pattern of indentation -- as your preparation outline. This will make it much easier to prepare the speaking outline. More important, it will allow you to see instantly where you are in the speech at any given moment while you are speaking. Your speaking outline is all but worthless unless it is instantly readable at distance. When you make your outline, use dark link and large lettering, leave extra space between lines, provide ample margins, arid write or type on one side of the paper only. If your notes are too detailed, you will have difficulty maintaining eye contact with your audience. To guard against having too many notes, keep your speaking outline as brief as possible. In one word, a good speaking outline reminds you not only of what you want to say but also of how you what to say it.
Summary
Outlines are essential to effective speeches. By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches -- the detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline.
The preparation outline helps you prepare your speech. In this outline you state your specific purpose and central idea, label the introduction, body, and conclusion, and designate transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews. You should identify main points, sub-points, and sub-sub-points by a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation. It is usually advisable to state at least main points and sub-points in full sentences. Your teacher may require a bibliography with your preparation outline.
The speaking outline consists of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It should contain key words or phrases to jog your memory, as well as essential statistics and quotations. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline. Keep the speaking outline as brief as possible, and be sure it is plainly legible. You can also give yourself cues for delivering the speech -- when to speak more softly or more slowly, when to pause, and so forth.
Teachers have different preferences about the places where the central idea of the speech should be given.
选项
A、Y
B、N
C、NG
答案
A
解析
此句的意思可以从第三段的第四句和第五句“Some teachers prefer that the central idea be given immediately after the purpose statement.Others prefer that it be given and identified in the text of the outline itself.”中得出。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/tNk7777K
0
大学英语四级
相关试题推荐
Accordingtothepassage,whatwouldhappentouswithoutcommunication?Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutanimals’communication
A、Becausehewasnotgenerous.B、Becausehewasnevertaking.C、Becauseheaskedforlittlefromothers.D、Becauseheseldomhol
Thechairmanemphasizedthat______________________(不论多么困难),theyshouldkeepup.
Inthefirstparagraph,"disabledmotorists"means______.Accordingtotheinformationofthepassage,Quickwheel______.
LippettsHillisnowthemaintrainingcentrewherearmyofficersarereceivingtraining.Manypeoplehopethatthepoliceare
A、Theyneedtoturnrightahead.B、SheagreeswiththemanonwhereStateStreetis.C、Theyfoundnoleftturnatthelastinter
A、Togoandseeahorrorfilm.B、TogodowntownnextFriday.C、TostayhomeandwatchTV.D、Togotoamovieintheneighborhood
Itissurprisingthathe__________(竟然责骂他的女朋友)inthestreet.
A、Graspingfood.B、Keepingbalance.C、Climbingandleaping.D、Usingthemasweapons.B[听力原文]Whatdomosttypesofmonkeysuset
A、Cocktail.B、Gum.C、Earphone.D、Computer.D信息明示题,文章提到,飞机上提供了gum,earphones,cocktail等,但惟独没有提到电脑,故选D
随机试题
A.近3个月内劳力诱发的心绞痛的频率和程度加重,对硝酸甘油的需求增加B.心绞痛发作与体力活动无关,可出现短暂sT段抬高C.心绞痛的发作与劳累有关,其性质在1~3个月内无改变D.既往无心绞痛或心肌梗死病史,近1~2个月内劳累时出现心绞痛E.劳累和休息
某人46岁,DMF指数为5,说明
患者男,28岁。车祸致头面部损伤半小时。查体:意识模糊,烦躁不安,面部轻度发绀,吸气时锁骨上窝、剑突下、肋间隙内陷。面部检查见上颌骨活动,下牙弓变窄,下前牙骨段活动、后移,口腔内元明显异物,口内及颈部无血肿。对该患者应采用的急救方法为
2011年3月31日,勤正公司有关账户期末余额及相关经济业务如下:(1)“库存现金”账户借方余额2000元,“银行存款”账户借方余额350000元,“其他货币资金”账户借方余额500000元。(2)“应收账款”总账账户借方余额350000元,其所属明细账户
前几年,我国空调行业开发的商用空凋其核心技术还要依赖进口,现在我同某著名家电产品生产企业——A公司进行自主开发,已掌握了商用空调的核心技术。目前针对不同用户的使用特点,已开发出嵌入式、吊顶落地式、风管式等6大系列100多种款式新颖功能齐备的空调产品,在国内
关于战略实施中的领导层的说法中,不正确的是()。
遗传决定论的观点包括()。
我国宪法修正案中,将“邓小平理论”写进宪法序言的是()
请根据以下各小题的要求设计VisualBasic应用程序(包括界面和代码)。(1)在Form1的窗体上画一个文本框,名称为Txt1;画一个命令按钮,名称为cmdDisplay,标题为“显示”,TabIndex属性为0。请为cmdDisplay
0.25×=_____
最新回复
(
0
)