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  3. Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they

Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they

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问题    Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machine’s "intelligence" on the details of its own perceptions--its inability to be guided by any large con text. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind. single minded, literal-minded, and simple-minded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness,  and simple-mindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.
   Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field--theoretical equations.
   Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach. Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take liter ally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately.  In some cases, the mathematicians’ literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists’ theoretical assumptions, that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context--what happens if the axioms are relaxed?--is thereby ignored.
   The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.  
The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that ______.
选项 A、mathematicians are better able to solve problems than scientists
B、changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments
C、well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments
D、some factors in most situations must remain unknown
答案D
解析 推理判断题。在原文的第三段作者比较了物理学家和数学家解决问题的不同方式。对于物理学家来说，他们不仅仅关注可见因素，他们还关注隐含因素。而对于数学家，他们必须处理理想化的情况。如果数学家要处理的情况是不理想的，那么他们会把这些因素变成理想的。他们往往把科学家的理论猜想转变为公理，僵硬地应用公理。因而D是正确答案。
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