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  3. A multinational corporation is a corporate enterprise, which though headquartered in one country, conducts its operations throu

A multinational corporation is a corporate enterprise, which though headquartered in one country, conducts its operations throu

admin2010-07-06  55
问题      A multinational corporation is a corporate enterprise, which though headquartered in one country,  conducts its operations through branches that it owns or controls around the world. The organizations,  mostly based in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan, have become major actors on the international stage, for some of them are wealthier than many of the countries they operate in. the less developed countries often welcome the multinational corporations because they are a source of investment and jobs. Yet their presence has its drawbacks, for these organizations soon develop immense political and economic influence in the host countries. Development becomes concentrated in a few industries that are oriented to the needs of the outsiders; profits are frequently exported rather than reinvested; and local benefits go mainly to a small ruling group whose interests are tied to those of the foreigners rather than to those of their own people. The effect is to further increase export dependency and to limit the less developed countries’ control of their own economies.
     It seems that both the modernization and world-system approaches may be valid in certain respects. The modernization model does help us make sense of the historical fact of industrialization and of the various internal adjustments that, societies undergo during this process. The world-system model reminds us that countries do not develop in isolation. They do so in a context of fierce international political and economic competition, a competition whose outcome favors the stronger parties.
     Today, the less developed countries are struggling to achieve in the course of a few years the material advantages that the older industrialized national have taken generations to gain. The result is often a tug-of-war between the forces of modernization and the sentiments of tradition, with serious social disturbance as the result. The responses have taken many different forms; military overthrow  by army officers determined to impose social order; fundamentalist religious movements urging a return to absolute moralities an certainties of the past; nationalism as a new ideology to unite the people for the challenge of modernization. And sometimes social change takes place in a way that is not evolutionary, but revolutionary.
What does the word" tug-of-war"( L3, Para3 )probably refer to?
选项 A、Serious social disorder.
B、Military overthrow by army officers.
C、Fierce international political and economic competition.
D、Struggle between modernization and the sentiments of tradition.
答案D
解析 这个短语的原意是拔河比赛，也可以指互有胜负的激烈的竞争。在这里就可以理解为struggle，见文中最后一段。
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