首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
New Discoveries of Public Transport A) A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University’s Institute for Science an
New Discoveries of Public Transport A) A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University’s Institute for Science an
admin
2019-01-06
45
问题
New Discoveries of Public Transport
A) A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University’s Institute for Science and Technology Policy(ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.
B) The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.
C) According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: "A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one". Melbourne’s large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities.
The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people’ s preferences as to where they live.
D) Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that "the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms".
E) Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most "bicycle friendly" cities considered—Amsterdam and Copenhagen—were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were—"reasonable but not special".
F) It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found "zero correlation".
G) When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world as hilly.
H) In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: "The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favoured." He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time.
I) In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.
J) There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars— creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.
K) Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.
L) It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team’ s research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. "The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face."
In the UK, travel times to work increase because public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl.
选项
答案
I
解析
本题意为“英国的公共基础设施无法跟上城市扩张的进度,上下班时间大大延长”。题干中keep pace with是关键词,可以将答案定位在I段的最后一句public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl,causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.本题句子中travel times to work increase是对原文commuting times far higher的同义转述。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/ucH7777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Withitsrecession-friendlycoffeeprices,plentifultablesandavailablebathrooms,McDonald’srestaurantsalloverthecountr
IliveinthelandofDisney,Hollywoodandyear-roundsun.Youmaythinkpeopleinsuchaglamorous,fun-filledplacearehappi
Althoughinteriordesignhasexistedsincethebeginningofarchitecture,itsdevelopmentintoa【C1】______fieldisreallyquite
A、Theyaretalkingaboutthecurrentaffairs.B、Theyarehavingadiscussion.C、Theyarequarrellingwitheachother.D、Theyare
Parents’Homework:FindPerfectTeachersforKidsA)TomiHalldidwhatshecouldtolobbyforthebestteachersforhertwochil
A、TheywereprotectedbyastrongUnitedStatesNavy.B、Theyweresupportedbyawell-developedrailroadC、Mostcrewmembershad
A、Teenageyears.B、Middleage.C、Oldage.D、Now.D题目问的是,人生的变化速度是从什么时候开始变慢的。演讲者说,既不是青少年时期,也不是中年时期,也不是老年时期,而是现在。因此选D)。
中医(TraditionalChineseMedicine)指中国的传统医学,产生于原始社会。中国人认为中医可以使人体与自然达到平衡,从而从根本上治疗疾病,保持人体健康。中医一般会通过观察、询问、触摸等方法对多种疾病进行诊断。中草药(herbalme
I’minterestedinthecriminal【B1】______systemofourcountry.Itseemstomethatsomethinghastobedone,ifwe’reto【B2】____
Ifwelookateducationinourownsociety,weseetwosharplydifferentfactors.Firstofall,thereistheoverwhelmingmajori
随机试题
在Excel图表中,图表的绘图区域是放置()的背景,而图表区域是放置图表及其他元素,包括标题、图例和数据表的大背景。
霍乱弧菌增菌培养用的碱性蛋白胨水的pH为
副根管是指
某变电所由系统供给电源,简化接线如下图所示。容量为120MVA,Sj=100MVA,Ux1—2=13.3%、Ux1—3=12%、Ux2—3=17.5%,容量比为100/100/50。求各侧简化电抗标幺值。x3为:
我国企业债券的管理实行“(),(),()”的原则。
全球投资业绩标准(GIPS)关于收益率的具体计算,下列描述错误的是()。
一、注意事项1.本次申论考试是对应考者阅读理解能力、综合分析能力、提出和解决问题能力、写作能力和文字表达能力的综合测试。2.请使用简体汉字作答。二、给定资料1.“这个城市很年轻,人口平均年龄32岁不到,这么年轻的群体我觉得应该去租房。
生产关系一定要适合生产力状况的规律是
A、B、C、D、D
Ourresearchshowsthatthe______ofcomputerownersuseinstantmessagingprograms.
最新回复
(
0
)