首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Global Developments Sociologists tell us there is a link between private lives and social forces. An outstanding example of
Global Developments Sociologists tell us there is a link between private lives and social forces. An outstanding example of
admin
2012-01-14
78
问题
Global Developments
Sociologists tell us there is a link between private lives and social forces. An outstanding example of such a link is the contrast in life chances between people in developed and in less developed countries. A child born in, say, the United States or Switzerland is not a better or more deserving person than one born in Ethiopia or Brazil. Yet because of social forces beyond individual control, each child faces the prospect of living out a lifetime under utterly different material conditions. Why should this be? What can account for the fact that some societies have become heavily industrialized and economically advanced, while others are changing so much more slowly? Social scientists have offered two different explanations. One emphasizes a universal but uneven process of modernization and economic growth; the other focuses on a worldwide system of political and economic inequality. Some social scientists view development in terms of modernization, a process of economic, social and cultural change that facilitates the transition from pre-industrial to industrial society. Modernization theorists claim that the various countries of the world are converging on a basically similar social type, the modern industrialized society. Some 250 years ago, the developed countries of today also had
rudimentary
, pre-industrial economies, but because they modernized relatively quickly, they now have productive economies that offer high living standards. During the same period, however, the poor countries have been slow to modernize. Differences in development, therefore, are largely the result of uneven modernization; but as "modern" features spread from the developed to the less developed countries, they too will follow the path to industrialization and affluence. What kinds of change does modernization
entail
? Some modernization theorists emphasize a change in individual psychology. They claim that people in the developed societies are more likely to have a work ethic, a desire for achievement, a willingness to defer gratification, a sense of control over their destiny, a strong sense of individualism. In contrast, a lack of ambition, an orientation toward the present, a fatalistic outlook, and a weak sense of individualism are said to be typical of people in more traditional societies.
(A) [■] Other modernization theorists emphasize sweeping structural changes in society.
(B) [■] Traditional societies are more likely to have an extended family system, in which kinship obligations encourage people to remain, physically and socially, where they started.
(C) [■] Similarly, modernization involves such features as heavy urbanization, extensive schooling, advanced technology, low population growth, a legal-rational political system, and a range of sophisticated services such as efficient transport, banking and communications.
(D) [■] On the whole, these features are lacking or inadequate in less developed countries, where government is usually authoritarian, the population is predominately rural and ill educated, and the necessary services are not in place. Other social scientists view development in the context of the world system, a network of unequal economical and political relationships among the developed and the less developed countries.
This international system consists of a "core" of highly industrialized countries, and a "periphery" of less developed countries that are dependent on and exploited by those at the core.
World-system theorists point out that the peoples of the third world were quite capable of providing for themselves before "modern" ideas and technologies began to "diffuse" from the colonial powers. In fact, they claim, development and underdevelopment proceeded simultaneously over a period of more than two centuries as the richer countries financed their own industrial expansion by draining the surplus resources of the poorer ones. The colonial system finally broke down when the last of the colonies won their formal independence around the middle of the twentieth century. But by then a new international relationship had been established: neocolonialism, the informal political and economic domination of some societies by others, such that the former are able to exploit the labor and resources of the latter for their own purposes. In essence, the world system is a form of international stratification, with a wealthy minority enjoying a disproportionate share of the planet’s resources and using various means—political, economic, and sometimes military—to maintain their position.
The phrase the former in Paragraph 4 refers to______.
选项
A、the colonial system
B、the richer countries
C、labor and resources
D、the poorer countries
答案
B
解析
本题为指代关系题,需要考生辨认代词与篇章中其他词语的指代关系。问题要求说明词组the former(前者)在文章中指代的是什么。the former所在句说前者能够在劳动力和资源上剥削后者,显然the former指的是发达国家,即富裕的国家,因此选择B。其他选项都不符合题目的要求。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/v8yO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?Inboxes20-26onyouranswersheet,writeT
Inthelastdecadearevolutionhasoccurredinthewaythatscientiststhinkaboutthebrain.Wenowknowthatthedecisionshu
TheHistoryoftheGuitarTheword’guitar’wasbroughtintoEnglishasanadaptationoftheSpanishword’guitarra,’whichwas,
QuantitativeResearchinEducationManyeducationresearchersusedtoworkontheassumptionthatchildrenexperiencediffer
Howdidthestudentgettheuniversityprospectus?HowmanystudentswenttoworkineitherSingaporeorBruneithisyear?
Whatpercentageofthestudentsaremature?Arelativelyhighproportionofstudentsdecideto______inNewtownaftergraduati
Atenancyagreementisa______betweenthetenantandthelandlord.Anassuredshort-holdtenancymeansthatyourlandlordca
Whattimedoesthelibraryopen?Whendoesthesportscentreopen?
Johnwasfirstinterestedinthesubjectbecauseofsomething______
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.MuseumofAnthropologyThemuseumisnotopenon______inwinter.
随机试题
下列属于多巴胺受体阻断药的有
y=y(x)由ln(x+y)=exy确定,则x=0处的切线方程为_____________.
继发性癫痫的临床特征是
证券登记结算机构的职能包括()。
金融市场的功能可以从微观和宏观两个方面来考察,下列属于微观经济功能的是()。
国务院关于同意将××省××市列为国家历史文化名城的批复××省人民政府:《××省人民政府关于申报××市为国家历史文化名城的请示》(×政[2013]12号)_________。现批复如下:一、同意将××市列为国家历史文化名城,同意将×x镇列为国家历史
根据下表,回答以下问题:2006年一季度,初步核实时,第三产业占国内生产总值的比例比第二产业少()。
甲与乙经人介绍产生恋爱关系,甲送给乙一条项链作为定情物,两年后二人结婚。婚后,两人攒钱买了一辆车。某天,丙将甲开的车撞坏,甲要求丙赔偿。数年后,甲、乙因感情不和而离婚。请问:(1)在本案中,存在哪些民事法律关系?(2)在这些民事法律关系中,哪些是财产
Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestdescribesthecontentofthepassageasawhole?
TheparticularsymbolicsignificanceofthecavepaintingsinsouthwesternFranceismoreexplicitlyrevealed,perhaps,byther
最新回复
(
0
)