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  3. Language means that we have self-consciousness, which makes us a unique species able to control ourselves and our environments i

Language means that we have self-consciousness, which makes us a unique species able to control ourselves and our environments i

admin2014-04-20  61
问题     Language means that we have self-consciousness, which makes us a unique species able to control ourselves and our environments in ways that other animals cannot. However, a visit to the Monkey Sanctuary, near Looe in Cornwall, provided striking evidence of connections between monkey mother-child relations and that in humans.
    The monkeys there have usually been badly deprived of love or maltreated by humans. The scientists use their understanding and painstaking care to nurture the monkeys back to a more stable emotional state. As a review paper shows, there are important parallels between the impact of early maltreatment in other mammals and humans, and key implications for prevention of human emotional problems.
    The kind of early care a monkey receives precisely predicts its brain chemistry and the kind of adult it will become. Rhesus monkeys separated from their mothers at birth and reared without an alternative parent, only with their peers until the age of six months, are more easily scared of strangers and unfamiliar experiences than mother-reared ones.
    When threatened by social separation or isolation in later life, those monkeys separated from their mothers at birth have different brain and body chemistry. When they become mothers themselves, they are significantly more neglectful or abusive of their offspring than those who were mother-reared, repeating the cycle of deprivation.
    The similarity in mothering across generations could be simply a genetic inheritance, but this has been disproved. The amount of contact with the particular daughter has been compared with the mother’s average for all of her daughters. A daughter’s subsequent mothering reflects her particular experience rather than the average for all of her sisters. The unique care received determines subsequent pattern of mothering, rather than a genetic tendency inherited from the mother.
    Another theory is that a genetically difficult baby could make the mother uncaring. This was contradicted by a study of what are called highly reactive infant monkeys—ones that are very difficult to care for because they overreact to the slightest sound or movement.
    They were fostered out to either average mothers or exceptionally nurturing ones. The exceptionally nurtured young monkeys grew up even more socially well-adjusted than normal infants fostered by average mothers. Nurture was so influential, in other words, that it could turn a difficult infant into a superior adult. Furthermore, when the generation of offspring in the study grew up and themselves had infants, their parenting style, whether exceptionally nurturing or average, exactly mirrored the kind of care they had received as infants. This was regardless of whether their original infant personality had been highly reactive or not.
    Much of what goes for monkeys seems to go for humans too. It’s a simple but important point: babies and toddlers need consistent loving care if they are to grow up secure and mentally healthy. Well-conceived and executed interventions that improve mother-infant relationships can make all the difference.  
Similar mothering behavior across generation implies that______.
选项 A、genetic inheritance plays a major role
B、mother-baby relation is fixed at an early age
C、highly reactive infants are difficult to care
D、parenting style is learned from mothers
答案D
解析 推断题。母子关系跨代关联的原因在第五段至第七段进行了深人细致地讨论。其中，作者反驳了单纯依赖遗传获得相似习性的理论，通过详述一个实验过程，证明主要的决定因素是幼猴养育的方式，它的母亲如何对待它，它将来就会如何养育自己的孩子，因此，[D]“养育方式是从母亲身上学到的”为答案。[A]“遗传继承起到主导作用”显然与作者在第五段中表达的观点相矛盾，故排除。而[B]“母婴关系在早期既已确定”本身表达不明确，在文中也找不到相应依据，故也排除。文章第六段虽然提到了高度敏感的婴儿，但是母子关系的跨代相似性并不能说明高度敏感的婴儿不易养育，故[C]为与题干无关的选项，也应排除。
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