首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The Hydrogen Economy It seems that every day there is a new announcement in the news about automobiles powered by fuel cells
The Hydrogen Economy It seems that every day there is a new announcement in the news about automobiles powered by fuel cells
admin
2010-07-14
41
问题
The Hydrogen Economy
It seems that every day there is a new announcement in the news about automobiles powered by fuel cells. The promises are great, since fuel cells have the potential to very quickly double the efficiency of cars while significantly reducing air pollution.
At the same time, there have been news stories for decades about the problems associated with petroleum. Everything from oil spills to ozone (臭氧) alerts to global warming gets blamed on our dependence on fossil fuels.
These two forces are leading the worm toward what is broadly known as the hydrogen economy. If the predictions are true, over the next several decades we will all begin to see an amazing shift away from the fossil fuel economy we have today toward a much cleaner hydrogen future.
Problems with the Fossil Fuel Economy
While fossil fuels have played an important role in getting society to the point it is at today, there are four big problems that fossil fuels create.
Air pollution—When cars burn gasoline, the internal combustion engine also produces carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas Nitrogen oxides (氮氧化物), the main source of urban smog unburned hydrocarbons, the main source of urban ozone.
Environmental pollution—The process of transporting and storing oil has a big impact on the environment whenever something goes wrong. An oil spill, pipeline explosion or well fire can create a huge mess.
Global warming—The carbon dioxide coming out of every car’s tailpipe is a greenhouse gas that is slowly raising the temperature of the planet. The ultimate effects are unknown, but it is a strong possibility that, eventually, there will be dramatic climate changes that affect everyone on the planet.
Dependence—The United States, and most other countries, cannot produce enough oil to meet
demand, so they import it from oil-rich countries. That creates an economic dependence. When Middle East oil producers decide to raise the price of oil, the rest of the world has little choice but to pay the higher price.
Advantages of the Hydrogen Economy
The hydrogen economy promises to eliminate all of the problems that the fossil fuel economy creates. Therefore, the advantages of the hydrogen economy include.
The elimination of pollution caused by fossil fuels—When hydrogen is used in a fuel cell to create power, it is a completely clean technology. The only byproduct is water. There are also no environmental dangers like oil spills to worry about with hydrogen.
The elimination of greenhouse gases If the hydrogen comes from the electrolysis of water, then hydrogen adds no greenhouse gases to the environment. There is a perfect cycle-electrolysis produces hydrogen from water, and the hydrogen recombines with oxygen to create water and power in a fuel cell.
The elimination of economic dependence—The elimination of oil means no dependence on the Middle East and its oil reserves.
Distributed production--Hydrogen can be produced anywhere that you have electricity and water. People can even, produce it in their homes with relatively simple technology.
The problems with the fossil fuel economy are so great, and the environmental advantages of the hydrogen economy are so significant, that the push toward the hydrogen economy is very strong.
Technological Hurdles(障碍)
The big question with the hydrogen economy is, "Where does the hydrogen come from?" After that comes the question of transporting, distributing and storing hydrogen. Hydrogen tends to be large and tricky in its natural gaseous form.
Once both of these questions are answered in an economical way, the hydrogen economy will be in place.
Where does the hydrogen come from? There are two possible sources for the hydrogen: electrolysis (电解) of water—Using electricity, it is easy to split water molecules to create pure hydrogen and oxygen. One big advantage of this process is that you can do it anywhere. For example, you could have a box in your garage producing hydrogen from tap water, and you could fuel your car with that hydrogen.
Reforming fossil fuels—Oil and natural gas contain hydrocarbons-molecules consisting of hydrogen and carbon. Using a device called a fuel processor or a reformer, you can split the hydrogen off the carbon in a hydrocarbon relatively easily and then use the hydrogen. You discard the leftover carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.
The second option is, of course, slightly perverse(不正当的). You are using fossil fuel as the source of hydrogen for the hydrogen economy. This approach reduces air pollution, but it doesn’t solve either the greenhouse gas problem or the dependence problem. However, it may be a good temporary step to take during the transition to the hydrogen economy.
The interesting thing about the first option is that it is the core of the real hydrogen economy. To have a pure hydrogen economy, the hydrogen must be derived from renewable sources rather than fossil fuels so that we stop releasing carbon into the atmosphere. Having enough electricity to separate hydrogen from water, and generating electricity without using fossil fuels, it will he the biggest change that we see in creating the hydrogen economy.
Where will the electricity for the electrolysis of water come from? Currently, about 68 percent of the electricity produced in the United States comes from coal or natural gas. All of that generating capacity will have to be replaced by renewable sources in the hydrogen economy.
How Do You Store and Transport the Hydrogen?
Hydrogen is a large gas of its kind, and it is not nearly as easy to work with as gasoline. Compressing the gas requires energy, and compressed hydrogen contains far less energy than the same volume of gasoline. However, solutions to the hydrogen storage problem are surfacing.
For example, hydrogen can be stored in a solid form in a chemical called sodium borohydride (硼氢 ). Once the storage problem is solved and standardized, then a network of hydrogen stations and the transportation infrastructure will ’have to develop around it. The main barrier to this might be the technological sorting-out process. Stations will not develop quickly until there is a storage technology that clearly dominates the marketplace. For instance, if all hydrogen powered ears from all manufacturers used sodium borohydride, then a station network could develop quickly. That sort of standardization is unlikely to happen rapidly, if history is any guide.
Prospects for the Future
You will hear more and more about the hydrogen economy in the news in the coming months because the drumbeat is growing louder. The environmental problems of the fossil fuel economy are combining with breakthroughs in fuel-cell technology, and the pairing will allow us to take the first steps.
The most obvious step we will see is the marketing of fuel cell powered vehicles. Although they will be powered initially by gasoline and reformers, fuel cells represent two major improvements over the internal combustion engine: they are about twice as efficient.
They can significantly reduce air pollution in cities.
______ can pose a big problem to the environment.
选项
答案
An oil spill
解析
本句讲oil spill 对 environment的害处,因此定位在Problems with the Fossil Fuel Economy处。矿物燃料经济有四大问题,再查找与environment相关的内容,即environmental pollution处。根据 An oil spill,...can create a huge mess.可知本句正确,a huge mess与a big problem为同义转述。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/vZKK777K
0
大学英语六级
相关试题推荐
Thefoodweeatseemstohaveprofoundeffectsonourhealth.【C1】______sciencehasmadeenormoussteps【C2】______makingfoo
A、Howthesurvivalskillsoftheearlypeopleinfluencedtheirdiets.B、Thisneedtolearnhowtosavemoney.C、Theincreasingly
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencyfocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributi
A、Thewomanborrowedsomemoneyfromthemallanddidn’twanttoreturnit.B、Themanlentsomemoneytothewomananddidn’twa
THEPARTYGENEStevenBennerjokinglycallshimselfadilettante(业余艺术好爱者).AbiochemistattheUniversityofFloridainGai
MarioDeLibertyhadbeenlivingasmallbusinessman’sdream.Twenty-oneyearsagoheopeneduptheWestgatePubinHavertown,Pe
WhatworriesmeaboutthestenchcomingfromCorporateAmericaisnotitsimpactontheeconomy,becauseAmerica’sresiliencyis
Onlyunderspecialcircumstances_________________________________(新生才能获许参加补考).
Ifyourhealthisinquestion,yougotothedoctor.Whentheentireplanet’swell-beingisatissue,it’stheWorldHealthOrga
______(我决没有想过他会对他的妻子提出诉讼要求离婚),sincehewasamodelhusbandinmymind.
随机试题
牙周病一级预防的确切内容是
下列监理工程师的权利和义务中,属于监理工程师义务的是()。
评价企业短期偿债能力强弱最可信的指标是()。
ABC公司2012年有关财务资料如下:公司2012年的销售收入为100000万元,销售净利率为10%,2012年分配的股利为5000万元,如果2013年保持经营效率、财务政策不变,预计不发行股票,假定2013年销售净利率仍为10%,公司采用的是固定股利
下列关于四大天王的概述正确的是()
已知直线与抛物线y2=6x相交,两交点的坐标分别为A(x1,y1)、B(x2,y2),且直线经过抛物线的焦点,若x1+x2=5,则|AB|=().
某位知名教授认为:我们应当制定全国性的政策,用立法的方式规定父母每日与未成年子女共处的时间下限。这样的法律能够减少子女平日的压力。因此,这样的法律也就能使家庭幸福。以下各项如果为真,最能加强上述推论的是()。
结合材料回答问题:材料1 在比利时首都布鲁塞尔最近举行的一个循环经济研讨会上,一个其貌不扬的机器人引起了参会人员的极大兴趣。机器人的全称是“新型有机垃圾可持续处理机器”,绰号“吃垃圾机”。 “吃垃圾机”看上去像一个白色的长方形盒子,体积相当于一个
毛泽东第一次提出“新民主主义革命”这一概念的著作是
在窗体上画两个名称分别为Text1、Texte2的文本框和一个名称为Command1的命令按钮,然后编写如下事件过程:PrivateSubCommand1_Click()DimxAsInteger,nAsInteger
最新回复
(
0
)