首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a
Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a
admin
2015-09-25
67
问题
Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one’s money is spent on clothes, mere may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.
All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction.
Almost all of an organism’s energy can be diverted to reproduction, with very little allocated to building the body. Organisms at this extreme are " opportunists." At the other extreme are "competitors", almost all of whose resources are invested in building a huge body, with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction.
Dandelions are good examples of opportunists. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content. Thus, a minimum investment has been made in the body that becomes a platform for seed dispersal. These very short-lived plants reproduce prolifically; that is to say they provide a constant rain of seed in the neighborhood of parent plants. A new plant will spring up wherever a seed falls on a suitable soil surface, but because they do not build big bodies, they cannot compete with other plants for space, water, or sunlight. These plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds’ falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.
Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displaced by more competitive species. Human landscapes of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide settings with bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists. Hence, many of the strongly opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields and gardens.
Because each individual is short-lived, the population of an opportunist species is likely to be adversely affected by drought, bad winters, or floods. If their population is tracked through time, it will be seen to be particularly unstable—soaring and plummeting in irregular cycles.
The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acoms, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.
According to the passage, the classification of organisms as "opportunists" or "competitors" is determined by______.
选项
A、how the genetic information of an organism is stored and maintained
B、the way in which the organism invests its energy resources
C、whether the climate in which the organism lives is mild or extreme
D、the variety of natural resources the organism consumes in its environment
答案
B
解析
信息推断题。文章第三段分别定义了“opportunists”和“competitors”,指出“机会主义者”(opportunists)所有的能量几乎都可以转用于繁殖,基本没有多少能量被分配用于生长。“竞争者”(competitors)处于另一个极端,“竞争者”几乎将其所有的能量都用于生长一个庞大的身躯,而仅用最低限度的能量进行繁殖。由此可知,两者的区别在于生物体分配能量的方式不同,与B选项内容一致。故答案为B。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/xOLO777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Ifincomeistransferredfromrichpersonstopoorpersonstheproportioninwhichdifferentsortsofgoodsandservicesarepro
RichardSatava,programmanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologies,hasbeenadrivingforcebringingvirtualrealitytomedicine
Smallbusinessownersmustaccepttheburdensofentrepreneurship.Beinginbusinessforyour-selfrequiresyourfullattention
ThehistoryofAfrican-Americansduringthepast400yearsistraditionallynarrated【21】anongoingstraggleagainst【22】andindif
Inapurelybiologicalsense,fearbeginswiththebody’ssystemforreactingtothingsthatcanharmus—theso-calledfight-o
ThegeologyoftheEarth’ssurfaceisdominatedbytheparticularpropertiesofwater.PresentonEarthinsolid,liquid,andgase
(北京大学2006年试题)LastyearFrenchdriverskilled【1】than5,000peopleontheroadsforthefirsttimeindecades.Creditgoesla
Onceapictureisprovedtobeaforgery,itbecomesquite______.(中南大学2007年试题)
(浙江大学2010年试题)ThecharacterofEuropeaneducationdemandsthatthestudentdevelop【1】andsocialindividuality.TheAmerican
随机试题
在小肠中,蔗糖在蔗糖酶的作用下分解成________。
下列关于《伯尔尼公约》的说法,正确的是()
在Excel中,快速查找数据清单中符合条件的记录,可使用Excel提供的________。
A.胶体果胶铋B.胃蛋白酶C.兰索拉唑D.莫沙必利E.还原型谷胱甘肽属于质子泵抑酸药的是()
依据《生产安全事故报告和调查处理条例》的规定,下列情形中,应向安全监管部门进行事故补报的是()。
W公司1998年12月31日资产负债表上“存货”项目由金额为()万元。根据资产负债表资料,下列指标可以直接计算的有()。
与道德、纪律相比较,法律具有的最显著特征是()。
海洋表层的运动主要受海平面风的牵制。信风的存在使得大量暖水被吹送到赤道西太平洋地区,而赤道东太平洋地区暖水被刮走后,主要靠海面以下的冷水进行补充。因此,赤道东太平洋海温比西太平洋海温明显偏低。当信风加强时,赤道东太平洋深层海水涌升上翻现象更加剧烈,导致海表
将下面Shell程序段中的空缺部分补齐,使得它可以将指定的一个或多个输入文件的内容依次添加到输出文件的末尾,如果指定的输出文件不存在,则程序应自动产生一个输出文件。if["$#"-lt2];thenecho"u
中华人民共和国成立以来。为提高国民素质。政府致力于普及九年义务教育。九年义务教育是指小学和初中阶段共计9年的教育。1986年,中国制定了《中华人民共和国义务教育法》(CompulsoryEducationLawofthePeople’sRepu
最新回复
(
0
)