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  3. Social platforms large and small are struggling to keep their communities safe from hate speech, extremist content, harassment a

Social platforms large and small are struggling to keep their communities safe from hate speech, extremist content, harassment a

admin2022-11-01  53
问题     Social platforms large and small are struggling to keep their communities safe from hate speech, extremist content, harassment and misinformation. Most recently, far-right agitators posted openly about plans to storm the U.S. Capitol before doing just that on January 6. One solution might be AI: developing algorithms to detect and alert us to toxic and inflammatory comments and flag them for removal. But such systems face big challenges.
    The prevalence of hateful or offensive language online has been growing rapidly in recent years, and the problem is now rampant. In some cases, toxic comments online have even resulted in real life violence, from religious nationalism in Myanmar to neo-Nazi propaganda in the U.S. Social media platforms, relying on thousands of human reviewers, are struggling to moderate the ever-increasing volume of harmful content. In 2019, it was reported that Facebook moderators are at risk of suffering from PTSD as a result of repeated exposure to such distressing content. Outsourcing this work to machine learning can help manage the rising volumes of harmful content, while limiting human exposure to it. Indeed, many tech giants have been incorporating algorithms into their content moderation for years.
    One such example is Google’s Jigsaw, a company focusing on making the internet safer. In 2017, it helped create Conversation AI, a collaborative research project aiming to detect toxic comments online. However, a tool produced by that project, called Perspective, faced substantial criticism. One common complaint was that it created a general "toxicity score" that wasn’t flexible enough to serve the varying needs of different platforms. Some Web sites, for instance, might require detection of threats but not profanity, while others might have the opposite requirements. Another issue was that the algorithm learned to conflate toxic comments with nontoxic comments that contained words related to gender, sexual orientation, religion or disability.
    Following these concerns, the Conversation AI team invited developers to train their own toxicity-detection algorithms and enter them into three competitions hosted on Kaggle, a Google subsidiary known for its community of machine learning practitioners, public data sets and challenges. To help train the AI models, Conversation AI released two public data sets containing over one million toxic and non-toxic comments from Wikipedia and a service called Civil Comments. The comments were rated on toxicity by annotators, with a "Very Toxic" label indicating "a very hateful, aggressive, or disrespectful comment that is very likely to make you leave a discussion or give up on sharing your perspective," and a "Toxic" label meaning "a rude, disrespectful, or unreasonable comment that is somewhat likely to make you leave a discussion or give up on sharing your perspective."
The U.S. Capitol attack was cited as an example of__________.
选项 A、a denial of Biden’s election victory
B、the widespread toxic online content
C、AI’s incapability of detecting hate speech
D、social platforms’ policy of non-intervention
答案B
解析 由题干关键词The U．S．Capitol attack定位到第一段第二句：Most recently far-right agitators posted openly about plans to storm the U．S．Capitol before doing just that on January 6．(最近一次的有害在线内容为极右派煽动分子在1月6日袭击美国国会大厦之前在网上公开发布的相关计划。)其前一句说的是，大大小小的社交平台都在努力保护其社区免受仇恨言论、极端主义内容、骚扰和虚假信息的侵害。显然，第二句是对第一句的举例说明，即说明有害内容对社交平台的侵害。四个选项中，选项[B]“广泛存在的网络有害内容”与此相符合，故为正确答案。
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