2. 外语
  3. Because some resources must be allocated at the national level, we have created policies which reflect the aggregated attributes

Because some resources must be allocated at the national level, we have created policies which reflect the aggregated attributes

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问题    Because some resources must be allocated at the national level, we have created policies which reflect the aggregated attributes of our society. The Federal budget determines the proportion of Federal resources to be invested in social welfare programs and how these resources are distributed among competing programs. This budget is arrived at through a reiterative aggregative political process which mediates the claims of groups interested in health, education, welfare, and so on, thus socializing the continuing conflict generated by their separate aspirations, the test of whether it can marshal sufficient legitimacy and consent to provide a basis for cohesion and action. Technical criteria may play a role in the process, but the ultimate criteria are political and social.
   Whether a policy, which is "good" in the aggregate sense, is also "good" for a particular person, however, is a different matter. If everyone had identical attributes, these criteria will always produce different outcomes. Any policy negotiated to attain an aggregate correctness will be wrong for every individual to whom the policy applies. The less a person conforms to the aggregate, the more wrong it will be.
   When a policy is not working, we normally assume that the policy is right in form but wrong in content. It has failed because insufficient intelligence has informed its construction or insufficient energy its implementation. We proceed to replace the old policy by a new one of: the same form. This buys time, since some time must elapse before the new policy can fully display the same set of symptoms of failure as the old. We thus continue to invest our time, energy, and other resources as if every new discovery of a nonworking policy is surprise, and a surprise that can be corrected with some reorganized model. But if policies based on complex, aggregated information are always wrong with respect to the preferences of every person to whom they apply, we should concentrate on limiting such policies to minima or "floors." Rather than trying for better policies, we should try for fewer policies or more limited aggregated ones. Such limitations could be designed to produce policies as spare and minimal as possible, for the resources not consumed in their operation would then be usable in a non-aggregative and person-specific ways--that is, in a disaggregated fashion. This will require more than just strengthened "local" capacity; it will require the development of new procedures, institutions, roles, and expectations.
The author places the word "good" in quotation marks in order to______.
选项 A、emphasize that the word is ambiguous when applied to public policies
B、stress that no two people will agree on what is "good" and what is not
C、minimize the need to describe public policies in value terms
D、point out that the word can be applied to individuals but not to groups
答案A
解析 这是一道意义含蓄的题目。作者讲到了“good”的两种不同评判标准：aggregate level及individual level。单词good加上引号让我们推断这是强调识别的模糊性。B的内容说过了头，作者仅表明"good"没有唯一的意义，并不表示它没有意义。C是错的，作者曾提到这种判断，但在文中指的是aggregate policy不完美。D也是错的，不是说该单词不适用于群体，而是说当它去描述group时，它的含义与描述 individual时不一样。
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