首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
Different Types of Learning I. The definition of learning A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events B.【T1】
admin
2019-03-26
47
问题
Different Types of Learning
I. The definition of learning
A. A process of people experiencing relationship between events
B.【T1】______ of subject’s changing behavior【T1】______
C. A process of recognizing how【T2】______【T2】______
II. Two basic stages of learning
A【T3】______: gradual process with trial and error【T3】______
B. Maintenance: acting on the new information【T4】______【T4】______
III. Four types of learning
A Instrumental or【T5】______【T5】______
— The common one in dog training
— Behavior produces event
which can be a(n)【T6】______ or negative experience【T6】______
— Dogs【T7】______ when rewarded by the experience【T7】______
— Humans get burned when touching a hot stove
— Events/consequences change the behavior
B. Classical/respondent【T8】______【T8】______
— Learning that things go together
— Dogs begin【T9】______ when hearing the bell rings【T9】______
— The first form of learning is【T10】______【T10】______
— For humans, it’s likely to rain when it’s cloudy
C.【T11】______ learning【T11】______
— Also called single event learning
— Events are【T12】______【T12】______
— Dogs won’t perk up ears when hearing an irrelevant noise
— People get【T13】______ to noises【T13】______
D. Social learning
— As a result of being in social groups
— Chimpanzees learning how to【T14】______ by watching【T14】______
— People learn from others
— Frequently occurs in a situation of【T15】______ or being dynamic【T15】______
【T9】
Different Types of Learning
Good morning, everybody. Today, I’m going to talk about learning.
Let’s start with the definition of learning. Then what is learning? We define learning as a process where a living being experiences certain relationships between events and is able to recognize an association between events, and as a consequence the subject’s behavior changes because of that experience. Or, more simply, 1earning is the process of recognizing how a living being’s actions change its environment, other beings’ actions, etc. All living things can learn, even goldfish!
There are two basic stages of learning: acquisition and maintenance. When an individual is first learning something, this is called the acquisition stage. This stage of learning is not all or none: rather, it is usually gradual. You may have heard someone use the phrase "trial and error." Once armed with new information, an individual will act on the new information when it is appropriate. This is known as the maintenance stage. Learning begins to plateau during the maintenance stage.
Learning is done in four types: Instrumental learning, which is more commonly known as operant conditioning, classical conditioning, non-associative learning, and social learning.
Operant conditioning is a form that may be very familiar to you if you have ever trained a dog. The majority of learning is some form of operant conditioning. The simplest way to explain this type of learning is that behavior produces events. An event can be a rewarding experience or a negative experience. As a result of such events the behavior changes. A dog learns that his behavior has consequences and that he can control what happens to him by behaving in certain ways, or refraining from behaving in those ways. If your dog raids the garbage, he is rewarded by this experience by getting tidbits of food, and is more likely to repeat the behavior. Human beings are also products of this learning. We learn from a young age that if we touch a hot stove, we’ll get burned. If we put on a raincoat, we’ll stay dry. This form of learning is characterized by Thorndike’s Law of Effect The law states that if the consequence is pleasant the preceding behavior becomes more frequent, whereas if the consequence is unpleasant, the behavior will diminish and in some cases become extinct.
Classical conditioning is another form of learning that is increasing in popularity. This type of learning results from learning that certain things go together. This learning was demonstrated by the Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. In an investigative experiment, Pavlov was able to demonstrate in dogs that salivation could be started by non-food stimuli such as bells, buzzers, and tones. In his experiments, he was able to show that dogs will salivate when they anticipate food. Thus he created an unrelated stimulus, such as a bell, moments before giving the dog food. Soon the dogs learned that when the bell rings, food is on its way, and thus they began salivating. Humans also learn through classical conditioning. For example, we know that if it is cloudy, that rain is a possibility. Or when something is burning on the stove, the fire alarm may go off. This type of learning is called classical conditioning because it was the first form of learning demonstrated experimentally. It is also sometimes called respondent conditioning, because the first step in changing a behavior due to this type of learning, require involuntary or reflexive behaviors.
Non-associative learning is one of the most basic forms of learning. It is also called single event learning. This type of learning involves learning that some events are unrelated and irrelevant. For example, if a dog hears a noise, he may respond by perking up his ears. This response is called an orienting response. If the noise is something which has no relevance to the dog, the dog will not respond when it hears this noise: however, the dog must first learn which noises are or are not relevant. This is known as habituation. One example of this might happen when you move to a house that is on a busy street. The first night you may have trouble sleeping due to your increased awareness of the sounds. Over the next few days you will become habituated to these noises, and soon you won’t even notice they are there. Non-associative learning is learning that there are not always significant associations between events.
Social learning is a form of learning that occurs as a result of being in social groups. In most animals, this type of learning is only responsible for a small amount of behavior change. This type of learning is most prevalent in animal forms similar to humans. Chimpanzees do a great deal of social learning amongst their social group. Chimps will learn how to use tools by watching older members of the group manipulating those same tools. Humans are also extremely adept at social learning. We learn from others how things are done. Social learning occurs most frequently in a situation where there is some sort of social hierarchy or dynamic.
To sum up briefly, today we’ve discussed the definition of learning, the two stages involved in the process of learning and the four types of learning. So now you must have a clear idea of what learning is. I hope you’ve enjoyed this lecture.
选项
答案
salivating
解析
此题通过对动物狗的实验,举例说明学习的第二种类型。录音中提到狗在渴望食物时会分泌唾液(salivate),可知答案为salivating。注意begin后接动词-ing或to do形式,根据上下文应填入salivating。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/zAEK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
WhatisArt?I.DifferentOpinionsonArt—Artmakesusmorethoughtfuland【T1】_____people【T1】______a)Graphicsonvideogameb
WritingaLiteratureReviewI.DefinitionofLiteratureReview—It’sa(n)【T1】_____anddiscussionoftheliterature【T1】______i
AnalyzingFictionI.【T1】______【T1】______—Arrangementofeventstoa)【T2】_____【T2】______b)Raisethelevelofgeneralityc)【T3
"Almostuniversally,womenhavefailedtoreachleadingpositionsinmajorcorporationsandprivatesectororganizations,resp
"Almostuniversally,womenhavefailedtoreachleadingpositionsinmajorcorporationsandprivatesectororganizations,resp
TheUnitedStatesisconsideredamultilingualcountrybutithasneveremployedanofficiallanguagepolicy.EventhoughEngl
AreyouconsideringtravelingtoanativeEnglishspeakingcountrytoimproveyourEnglishlanguagesskillsatalanguagescho
HowtoWriteaResearchReportAstandardformatwillhelpreaderstolocatetheinformationtheywantquickly.Itistruethat
A、Fastfood.B、Nutrition.C、Universities.D、Sausages.A访谈开头,句(1)中女士便提到,这次节目邀请了圣地亚哥州立大学杰出的营养学家迈克.布朗来分享一些关于快餐的信息。因此答案为[A]。
随机试题
TheGherkinBuildingCommissionedby:【L31】________firmcalledFosterandPartnersThefeaturesofitsappearance:Itsshapeis
压缩机重机负荷运转时间累计应达到()。
用高锰高硅焊剂配合低锰焊丝进行自动埋弧焊时,向焊缝渗合金的途径主要是通过焊剂过渡。
某金店是增值税的一般纳税人,2012年3月采取以旧换新方式销售纯金项链10条,每条新项链的不含税销售额为4000元。收购旧项链的不含税金额为每条2000元,该笔业务的销项税额为()元。
在下列人类航天的标志性事件中,说法正确的是()。
近年来,以云计算、大数据、物联网、工业互联网为代表的新技术得到了快速应用,更多的传统能源、电力、交通基础设施、招投标平台联入网络,成为泛在的关键信息基础设施的有机组成。基础设施中系统的大规模集成、互联使得基础设施的脆弱性和安全威胁不再是简单的线性叠加。在有
请对“犯罪中止只能发生在着手实行犯罪以后”进行辨析。
《冷山》《海底总动员》和《十面埋伏》不可能都获得奥斯卡奖。如果上述断定为真,以下哪项不可能是假的?
Arepasswordsoutdated?It’sstartingtoseemlikeit.Everybodyhatesthem,andnobodycanrememberalltheonesthey’ve【C1】___
Whatdoesthefirstparagraphtellus?Thelastparagraphtellsusthat______.
最新回复
(
0
)