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  3. After more than 30 years of rapid growth, China has reached another turning point in its development path when a second strategi

After more than 30 years of rapid growth, China has reached another turning point in its development path when a second strategi

admin2019-03-20  56
问题 After more than 30 years of rapid growth, China has reached another turning point in its development path when a second strategic, and no less fundamental, shift is called for. The 12th Five-Year Plan provides an excellent start. This report combines its key elements to design a longer-term strategy. Six important messages emerge from the analysis:
First, implement structural reforms to strengthen the foundations for a market-based economy by redefining the role of government, reforming and restructuring state enterprises and banks, developing the private sector, promoting competition, and deepening reforms in the land, labor, and financial markets. As an economy approaches the technology frontier and exhausts the potential for acquiring and applying technology from abroad, the role of the government and its relationship to markets and the private sector need to change fundamentally. While providing relatively fewer "tangible" public goods and services directly, the government will need to provide more intangible public goods and services like systems , rules, and policies, which increase production efficiency, promote competition, facilitate specialization, enhance the efficiency of resource allocation, protect the environment, and reduce risks and uncertainties.
Second, accelerate the pace of innovation and create an open innovation system in which competitive pressures encourage Chinese firms to engage in product and process innovation not only through their own research and development but also by participating in global research and development networks. China has already introduced a range of initiatives in establishing a research and development infrastructure and is far ahead of most other developing countries. Its priority going forward is to increase the quality of research and development, rather than just quantity. To achieve this, policy makers will need to focus on: increasing the technical and cognitive skills of university graduates and building a few world-class research universities with strong links to industry; fostering " innovative cities" that bring together high-quality talent, knowledge networks, dynamic firms, and learning institutions, and allow them to interact without restriction; and increasing the availability of patient risk capital for start-up private firms.
Third, seize the opportunity to " go green" through a mix of market incentives, regulations, public investments, industrial policy, and institutional development. Encouraging green development and increased efficiency of resource use is expected to not only improve the level of well-being and sustain rapid growth, but also address China’s manifold environmental challenges. The intention is to encourage new investments in a range of low-pollution, energy-and resource-efficient industries that would lead to greener development, spur investments in related upstream and downstream manufacturing and services, and build international competitive advantage in a global sunrise industry. These policies have the potential to succeed, given China many advantages—its large market size that will allow rapid scaling up of successful technologies to achieve economies of scale and reduced unit costs, a high investment rate that will permit rapid replacement of old, inefficient, and environmentally damaging capital stock; its growing and dynamic private sector that will respond to new signals from government, provided it gets access to adequate levels of finance.
选项
答案 在经历30多年高速增长之后，中国已经到达另一个转折点，需要再一次进行深刻的战略转变。“十二五”规划是一个良好开端。在融汇其主要内容的基础上，本报告提出长期战略。研究引出了如下六条重要结论。 第一，通过推进结构性改革以强固市场经济的基础。包括重新界定政府职能，改革和重组国有企业与国有银行，发展民营部门，促进竞争，深化土地、劳动力与金融市场改革。随着一个经济体技术接近前沿水平，引进推广国外先进技术的空间缩小，政府职能及政府与市场和民营部门的关系均需进行深刻调整。政府在直接提供的有形公共产品和服务相对减少的同时，需要提供更多诸如制度、规则和政策之类的无形公共产品，以提高生产效率，促进竞争，便利专业化分工，改善资源配置，保护环境，降低风险与不确定性。 第二，加快创新步伐，建立一个开放的创新系统。在这个系统中，竞争压力激励中国企业通过自身研发和参与全球研发网络进行产品与工艺创新。中国已经在建立研发体系方面采取了一系列措施，走在大部分发展中国家前列。未来的优先任务是提高研发质量而不仅仅是数量。为此，决策者需要着力提高大学毕业生技能和认知能力；建设一批与产业紧密联系的世界一流研究型大学；促进“创新型城市”发展，集聚高素质人才、知识网络、充满活力的企业和学习型组织，并使这些机构自由互动；提高长期风险资本对于新设民营企业的可及性。 第三，通过市场激励、监管、公共投资、产业政策和制度建设等措施，抓住“绿色”机遇。鼓励绿色发展，提高资源利用效率，不仅能提高福利水平和实现持续增长，也有助于应对中国面临的主要环境挑战。这将鼓励一系列污染低、能源和资源利用效率高的部门的投资，实现绿色发展，并促进上下游的相关制造业和服务业投资，在全球朝阳产业竞争中赢得优势。这些政策有成功潜力，因为中国具备诸多优势。巨大的市场规模有助于快速推广成功技术以实现规模经济、降低单位成本；高投资率能快速更新原有的低效和高污染的资本品；日益成长和充满活力的民营部门如能获得足够融资，将对政策信号做出积极响应。
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